Research Review Journal of Social Science
हिंदी में पढ़ें | ગુજરાતી માટે ક્લિક કરો UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals The Research Review Journal of Social Science (RRJSS) is an international, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal dedicated to the advancement of research in the fields of Social Sciences and Humanities. Established in the year 2021, the journal provides a credible and inclusive platform for academicians, researchers, and scholars from India and across the globe to publish high-quality and original research work. RRJSS publishes research articles, review articles, and short communications that contribute to theoretical, empirical, and interdisciplinary perspectives. The journal follows a rigorous double-blind peer review process to ensure academic integrity, originality, and adherence to ethical publishing standards, while also offering timely and efficient publication. To promote global knowledge exchange and wider dissemination of research, RRJSS accepts manuscripts in English, Hindi, and Gujarati, making scholarly work accessible to diverse academic communities. As an open-access journal, RRJSS ensures unrestricted worldwide access to all published content. The journal welcomes submissions from international authors, universities, research institutions, and academic organizations, encouraging cross-cultural research, comparative studies, and global academic collaboration. Journal Information Title: Research Review Journal of Social Science (RRJSS) Year of Start: 2021 Frequency of Publication: Bi-Annual (Two Issues per Year) ISSN (Online): 2583-2867 Peer Review Process: Double-Blind Peer Review Subject Areas: Social Sciences and Humanities Languages: English, Hindi, Gujarati Indexing: Google Scholar Accessibility: Open Access Plagiarism Detection: Turnitin (Licensed) Publication Format: Online Contact Details Contact No.: +91 93284 90029 Email: editor@rrjournals.co.in Website: https://rrjournals.co.in/ Address: 15/B, Kalyan Nagar Society, Fire Brigade Road, Outside Shahpur Gate, Ahmedabad – 380004, Gujarat, India
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The Debate on Labour Laws and Labour Flexibility: A Study from Labour Laws to Labour Codes
This paper examines the issues surrounding the debate on labour flexibility. In contemporary India, there is an intense debate regarding labour market reforms. It is argued that labour laws are excessively rigid, thereby creating inflexibility within the labour market. Furthermore, it is contended that rigid labour laws act as impediments to economic growth. Conversely, this perspective is vigorously opposed by trade unions and numerous other economists. This paper demonstrates that, despite the existence of so-called restrictive labour laws, the Indian labour market remains remarkably flexible. In contrast, many others maintain that current labour laws are essential for protecting millions of workers from exploitation and for fostering the creation of quality jobs. Yet others argue that, given that 93 percent of economic activity takes place in the unorganized sector, labour laws have very little impact on the majority of workers or firms. Labour laws in India are governed by a multitude of distinct statutes that regulate minimum wages, working conditions, wage payments, benefits, worker welfare, health and safety provisions, industrial dispute resolution processes, terms for hiring and dismissing workers, and conditions for the closure of establishments. Legislative authority over labour issues is vested in both the federal and state governments. Over the past few years, state governments have amended certain central statutes. Moreover, there is significant variation across states regarding the implementation of these laws. The Modi government's emphasis on building a robust manufacturing sector in India is clearly evident in its "Make in India" campaign. The government has introduced several policy measures aimed at facilitating the ease of doing business in India, asserting that "if 'Make in India' is to succeed, then the ease of doing business is the first and foremost requirement." To achieve this success, the codification and simplification of labour laws are deemed essential. In this regard, the Central Government has codified 29 labour laws into four codes: the Code on Wages, 2019; the Industrial Relations Code, 2020; the Code on Social Security, 2020; and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020. This paper analyzes the debate surrounding labour flexibility as well as the key provisions of these labour codes. Abstract in Hindi Language: इस पेपर में श्रम के लचीलेपन की बहस के मुद्दों का अध्ययन किया गया है। समकालीन भारत में श्रम बाजार में सुधारों पर तीव्र बहस चल रही है। यह तर्क दिया जाता है कि श्रम कानून काफ़ी कठोर हैं जो श्रम बाजार में कठोरता पैदा करते हैं। यह तर्क दिया जाता है कि कठोर श्रम कानून अर्थव्यवस्था के विकास में अवरोध का काम करते हैं। दूसरी ओर, इस दृष्टिकोण का ट्रेड यूनियनों और कई अन्य जानकारों द्वारा जोरदार विरोध किया जाता है। यह पेपर दिखाता है कि तथाकथित प्रतिबंधात्मक श्रम कानून के बावजूद भारतीय श्रम बाजार काफी लचीला है। इसके विपरीत, कई अन्य लोग मानते हैं कि वर्तमान श्रम कानून लाखों श्रमिकों को शोषण से बचाने और अच्छी नौकरियां पैदा करने के लिए आवश्यक हैं। फिर भी, अन्य लोग तर्क देते हैं कि यह देखते हुए कि 93% प्रतिशत आर्थिक गतिविधि असंगठित क्षेत्र में होती है, श्रम कानूनों का अधिकांश श्रमिकों या फर्मों पर बहुत कम असर पड़ता है। भारत में श्रम कानून न्यूनतम मजदूरी, काम की स्थिति, मजदूरी का भुगतान, लाभ, श्रमिकों के कल्याण, स्वास्थ्य और सुरक्षा प्रावधान, औद्योगिक विवादों के समाधान की प्रक्रिया, कामगारों को काम पर रखने और निकालने की शर्तें और प्रतिष्ठानों को बंद करने की शर्तों को निर्धारित करने वाले कई अलग-अलग अधिनियमों द्वारा कवर किए जाते हैं। श्रम मुद्दों पर विधायी अधिकार संघीय और राज्य सरकारों दोनों के पास है। पिछले कुछ वर्षों में, राज्य सरकारों ने कुछ केंद्रीय अधिनियमों में संशोधन किया है। इसके अलावा, राज्यों में कानून के कार्यान्वयन में भी काफी भिन्नता है। भारत में एक मजबूत विनिर्माण क्षेत्र के निर्माण पर मोदी सरकार का जोर उनके "मेक इन इंडिया" अभियान से अच्छी तरह से जाना जा सकता है। उन्होंने भारत में कारोबार करने को आसन बनाने के उद्देश्य से कुछ नीतिगत उपाय शुरू किए: "यदि मेक इन इंडिया को सफल बनाना है तो कारोबार करने में आसानी पहली और सबसे महत्वपूर्ण आवश्यकता है"। और इस सफलता को प्राप्त करने के लिए श्रम कानूनों का संहिताकरण और सरलीकरण आवश्यक है। इस संबंध में केंद्र सरकार ने 29 श्रम कानूनों को चार संहिताओं में संहिताबद्ध किया है, वेतन संहिता 2019, औद्योगिक संबंध संहिता 2020, सामाजिक सुरक्षा संहिता 2020 और व्यावसायिक सुरक्षा, स्वास्थ्य और कार्य स्थिति संहिता 2020। इस पेपर में श्रम लचीलेपन की बहस और श्रम संहिताओं के महत्वपूर्ण प्रावधानों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। Keywords: श्रम संहिता, मेक इन इंडिया, व्यापार करने में सुगमता, श्रम लचीलापन, श्रमिक संघ, छंटनी, अस्थायी छंटनी
Towards the ‘Cha’ Monopoly: Trade Rivalry and British Malfeasance in the Early Colonial Assam
The article aims to focus on the trade rivalry for Cha (tea) in early colonial Assam. After successful experimentation of commercial tea cultivation by the East India Company government in Assam, the European and Indian mercantile forces got attracted into the field like nothing but a sort of mania. The tea fever gave birth to Assam Company in 1839 and soon emerged as successful pioneer tea company in the world, challenging Chinese monopoly. East India Company soon handed over most of its areas under tea to Assam Company and by virtue of its hard toil, it was able to popularise the brand Assam Tea. The nexus of East India Company and the Assam Company wanted to be the sole producer in the field and hence tried to oust it rivals, especially the indigenous entrepreneurship, from the very outset. Local tea cultivators were treacherously suppressed in order to protect monopoly of European capital. This paper aims to focus on the growth of tea rivalry, between the Pioneer Companies namely the East India Company and the Assam Company and the European and indigenous private planters. Secondly, the article also highlights the malfeasants on the part of the nexus of colonial government and the Assam Company to curb the competition from the indigenous entrepreneurs like Raja Purandar Singha, Ningroola, and Maniram Dewan in particular.
Language Games and Forms of Life: Rethinking Meaning in Contemporary Society
Philosophy of language has focused on meaning, especially in quickly changing social and communication situations. This study uses Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later philosophical ideas of language games and forms of existence to reconsider meaning in modern society. Wittgenstein’s theory emphasizes practical and contextual aspects of language rather than fixed logical structures or referential links. This view holds that meaning comes from how language is utilized in specific social practices and shared human activities, not as an abstract thing tied to words. The philosophical underpinnings of Wittgenstein’s later work, language games, forms of life, and meaning as usage are examined in this paper. It examines how these notions clarify modern communication patterns in a complex and electronically mediated world. Language functions in numerous contexts where meanings are constantly negotiated and reinterpreted in modern cultures with digital communication, multicultural relationships, and diverse social discourses. Thus, Wittgenstein’s ideas illuminate language’s role in different social and cultural contexts. I believe language games and forms of life provide a useful theoretical framework for understanding modern linguistic activities and addressing philosophical issues linked to meaning, interpretation, and communication. The study concludes that Wittgenstein’s later philosophy is still relevant to comprehending language, society, and human life today.
Social Media and Its Impact on Social Relationships and Identity Formation
Social media has become one of the most influential technological developments of the twenty-first century, transforming the way individuals communicate, form relationships, and construct their identities. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have created new digital spaces where social interactions occur beyond traditional physical boundaries. While these platforms provide opportunities for communication and community building, they also raise sociological concerns regarding identity formation, social comparison, and the nature of interpersonal relationships. This paper explores the sociological impact of social media on social relationships and identity construction in contemporary society. Through a review of existing literature, the study examines how social media reshapes communication patterns, influences self-presentation, and affects social interactions. The analysis highlights both positive and negative consequences of social media use, including enhanced connectivity, increased social capital, and potential issues such as social isolation and identity pressure. The study concludes that social media plays a complex role in shaping modern social structures and emphasizes the need for further research and responsible digital engagement.
Immanuel Kant’s Moral Philosophy and the Ethics of Environmental Stewardship: Duties Beyond Humanity
Immanuel Kant’s ethical theory, grounded in the categorical imperative, underscores universal moral obligations and the inherent dignity of individuals. Although generally focused on human interactions, his ethical paradigm possesses considerable relevance for environmental management. This study examines the potential of Kant’s moral theory to encompass obligations to nature, non-human creatures, and future generations, beyond mere human interests. The essay posits that Kantian ethics, through its concepts of universalizability, respect for humans, and indirect responsibilities, establishes a basis for environmental ethics. It posits that human accountability to the environment arises from the necessity to maintain conditions conducive to rational agency and future moral evolution. The paper examines the obstacles and criticisms associated with the application of Kantian ethics to environmental concerns, namely the anthropocentric constraints of Kant’s theory and the risk of instrumentalizing nature. This research ultimately seeks to demonstrate that Kant’s moral philosophy can significantly inform current discussions on environmental responsibility and sustainability.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Vision for Social Justice and Its Impact on The Dalit Movement: Analysing His Philosophies and Their Influence on Dalit Activism
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a renowned social reformer and the primary designer of the Indian Constitution, envisioned a society based on the ideals of equality, justice, and brotherhood. His concept for social justice primarily centered on eliminating the entrenched caste-based prejudice and empowering the downtrodden Dalit population. This abstract explores the enormous impact of Ambedkar’s views on the Dalit movement. Ambedkar’s intellectual and political endeavours were focused on destroying the hierarchical caste system, which he recognized as the fundamental source of social injustice in India. He championed the cause of educating and economically empowering Dalits, recognizing these as crucial factors for their liberation. Ambedkar emphasized the significance of constitutional safeguards and affirmative action programs in safeguarding the rights of Dalits and ensuring their representation in different aspects of life through his influential publications and speeches. Ambedkar’s vision has had a complex and diverse impact on the Dalit movement. His ideals served as a robust basis for Dalit agitation, motivating successive cohorts of leaders and activists to persist in their pursuit of equality. The Dalit movement, under the influence of Ambedkar’s teachings, has achieved notable milestones, such as the formation of dedicated groups advocating for Dalit rights, heightened political engagement, and the development of a Dalit intellectual heritage that questions the existing social hierarchy. In addition, Ambedkar’s focus on the significance of political power for effecting social transformation resulted in the establishment of political parties and groups that advocate for Dalit issues. Additionally, his visionary leadership has cultivated a strong sense of identification and unity among Dalits, enabling them to confidently express their rights and confront instances of prejudice. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision for social justice has significantly influenced the Dalit movement, molding its ideas and techniques in a permanent manner. His unwavering commitment to achieving equity and justice has had a lasting impact on Indian society, making a vital contribution to the ongoing fight for Dalit empowerment and the creation of a fairer and more balanced society.
Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Agro-Service Centres in the Koch Bihar District of North Bengal, India
Agro-service centres are an important instrument for the development of agriculture. Higher agricultural production is not possible without agro-services. The study has chosen four types of centres, namely agro-input centres, cold storage, Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity and Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The study has selected Koch Bihar District, which is located in the north-eastern part of North Bengal, and it is covered by the riverine plain area. The study aims to study the pattern of spatial-temporal distribution of agro-service centres. The study has used primary data through structured interviews and point data using GPS location. The study has applied different suitable techniques, such as the standard distance, mean centres, median centre, standard deviation ellipse, nearest neighbour analysis, location quotient and kernel density. Besides, the study has used a thematic map in GIS environments. The study found that the district has recorded the highest in retail centres, followed by wholesale input service centres, SKUS, cold storage and KVK. Cooch Behar-I block has recorded the highest wholesale input centres. Besides, Cooch Behar-II has recorded the highest number of cold storages, and KVK is located in this block. Most of the input service centres are developed in post-liberalization period of the district. Out of 90.48%, cold storages are developed post-liberization period, whereas SKUS are developed pre-liberization period. Cold storage has recorded highest positive change, and SKUS has recorded highest negative change between the pre-liberization and post-liberization period. The distribution of Agro-service centres has a cluster pattern (Rn value 0.21) means that centres are located close to each other. The middle part of the district has the highest kernel density value, which means higher clustering. The government should initiate new Agro-service centres for agro-service in the marginal part of the district, where farmers easily access the services.
A Geospatial Mapping of Socio-Economic Attributes of Ludhiana District, Punjab (India)
This study examines the geospatial socio-economic attributes of Ludhiana district, Punjab, using Census data from 1991 and 2001 to map spatial and temporal variations. Despite its physiographic homogeneity—flat alluvial plains (100-120m elevation), Satluj River floodplains, semi-arid climate, and fertile irrigated soils supporting high agricultural productivity—Ludhiana exhibits heterogeneous human responses driven by urbanization, industrialization (textiles, leather), and transport networks (NH-1, NH-95). Key objectives include delineating socio-economic characteristics, analyzing female marginalization via Work Participation Rate (WPR) and sex ratio patterns, and mapping development disparities. Methodology employs Natural Breaks classification, growth rate formulas, Z-scores for composite indices, and simple percentages for indicators like literacy and WPR, ensuring comparability across censuses. Results reveal shifts: Population distribution evolved from even agricultural scatter (1991) to urban-centric concentration near Ludhiana, Machhiwara, and Jagraon (2001), with density intensifying along highways and city peripheries. Growth was moderate district-wide but high near rivers and urban edges, signaling migration and industrial spillovers. Sex ratio declined near urban centers (low/very low categories expanded), indicating male-dominated rural-urban migration and female marginalization in productive sectors, aligning with feminization of agriculture. Literacy surged homogenously, especially post-1991 economic reforms, while overall WPR equalized due to Green Revolution diffusion; female WPR lagged (26.94% vs. male 41.24% in 2001). Non-agricultural workers rose near cities (50% share in 2001 vs. 25% in 1991), reducing agricultural dependence peripherally. A composite development index confirms urban proximity drives progress, underscoring anthropogenic over natural factors in shaping socio-economic landscapes. Ludhiana defies environmental determinism, emerging as a varied human ecological space amid migration, gender inequities, and infrastructure-led growth.
Teacher Education Enrollment Crisis in Maharashtra: Magnitude, Determinants, and Policy Implications
The teacher education sector in Maharashtra is experiencing a paradoxical crisis; while demand for teaching positions remains high, enrollment in teacher preparation programs is declining sharply across D.Ed., B.Ed., and M.Ed. courses. This paper examines the multifaceted nature of this enrollment crisis, analyzing its causes, manifestations, and consequences for the state's educational ecosystem. Drawing on secondary data from the Maharashtra CET Cell, National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+), and contemporary news reports, the study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative trend analysis with qualitative policy review. Key findings reveal stark contrasts that B.Ed. admissions have shown marginal improvement to 92% seat utilization in 2025-26, and D.Ed. programs face severe under-enrollment with only 7,501 admissions against 31,107 seats (24% utilization). More critically, NCTE has cancelled recognition of 295 teacher education institutions, eliminating 16,313 seats across all programs. The crisis is driven by multiple factors such as stalled teacher recruitment due to the Sanch Manyata policy limiting posts in low-enrollment schools, the March 2024 GR linking teacher appointments to student numbers, prolonged teacher strikes, declining attractiveness of the profession, and quality concerns in teacher education institutions. The paper argues that this enrollment crisis represents not merely a statistical anomaly but a systemic failure with profound implications for educational quality, equity, and the future of schooling in Maharashtra—particularly in rural and tribal areas where 8,187 schools already function with a single teacher. The study proposes a comprehensive framework for revival, including recruitment transparency, policy rollback, institutional quality enhancement, and alignment with NEP 2020's teacher education reforms.
Representation of Women in Nala-Damayanti Theme in Kangra Paintings
Kangra painting, a prominent school within the Pahari painting tradition, flourished during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries under Rajput patronage and is especially noted for its lyrical naturalism and sensitive portrayal of human emotions. This paper examines the representation of women in Kangra paintings through the Nala–Damayanti theme, a popular narrative drawn from the Mahabharata. Focusing on selected paintings from this series, the study analyzes how feminine beauty, emotional depth, and narrative agency are visually articulated through gesture, gaze, attire, and spatial composition. The depiction of Damayanti emerges as central to the Kangra aesthetic, where the female figure becomes the focal point of both narrative progression and visual pleasure. Various emotional states such as love, longing, separation, anxiety, and reunion are rendered with remarkable subtlety, often reinforced by landscape elements, light, and the presence of female attendants. The study also highlights the role of attendants as emotional mediators who frame the heroine and intensify the viewer’s engagement. By situating these visual representations within their historical, literary, and cultural contexts, the paper demonstrates that Kangra paintings not only celebrate feminine beauty but also convey the complex emotional experiences of women. The Nala–Damayanti series thus offers a nuanced understanding of womanhood, where beauty and suffering coexist in a deeply expressive artistic language.
Beyond Virtue: Reclaiming Dignity and Challenging Patriarchal Metrics in the Works of Sudha Murty and Feminist Thought
Sudha Murty’s novels Mahashweta, Gently Falls the Bakula, House of cards, serve as the crucial space for female self-definition and rebellion against patriarchal structures. This analysis posits that women actively seize agency by conceptualizing, structuring, and documenting their experiences, thereby replacing externally imposed limitations with their own narratives of ‘self-becoming’. The protagonists' rejection of ‘absolute innocence’ and the passive ‘angel in the house’ role, is presented as a potent uprising to regain dignity and individuality. The study highlights the conflict between the woman's aspirations for self-realization and the confinement of traditional wedlock, which feminist critiques deem a parasitic existence. Ultimately, these narratives champion a holistic liberation encompassing mental, emotional, and economic independence, portraying the modern Indian woman as rational, self-sufficient, and grounded in her quest to build authentic careers and identity.
The Civil War in Myanmar: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ongoing Conflict Dynamics
This paper discusses the changing nature of the civil conflict in Myanmar that has been seen since the military coup of February 2021 and especially considering the increase in armed resistance since 2023. It examines how the ruling military junta has been faced with increased challenges by opposition forces, with the Pa-O National Liberation Army (PNLA), Karenni National Defence Forces (KNDF), the People's Defence Forces (PDFs) and the Three Brotherhood Alliance being the most urgent. The paper concludes that a confluence of long-term strategic losses in the territory, internal disintegration, de-motivation, and changing regional and international relationships are some of the factors that have weakened the junta. The major losses of strategic points like Lashio and major parts of Rakhine State have destroyed the long-time dominance of the military force and created hold ups in the command and supply chain. The paper sheds light on the increasing operational coordination and tactical sophistication of the resistance forces that have proven to be able to capture and hold territory unlike before. Meanwhile, it critically evaluates in-house divisions in the resistance style, in which opposing interests between regional sovereignty and national democratic ambitions have limited solidarity. Humanitarian and political issues further undermine the conflict situation, namely, in regards to the Rohingya crisis and the arguments concerning the Federal Democracy Charter, which brings up the issue of minority rights and political representation in resistant-controlled regions. The paper also assesses the falling fighting power of the junta that was characterized with high rates of defections, recruiting and conscripting issues, and lack of logistical support. Outside, it follows the repositioning of the roles of regional forces, in particular the growing involvement of China in ethnic armed cells and the need to ensure the border situation as well as strategic investments, as well as the reserved overture of India to the opposition groups and the declining role of Russia as an arms supplier. Lastly, the paper highlights the critical impacts of regional spillover effects of poor neighbouring states and the daunting post-conflict reconstruction, such as famine and risks, and demobilization and reintegration of armed parties.
From Panchsheel to Panchamrit: An Evolving Perspective
This article examines the changes and evolution in India’s foreign policy over a period of nearly six decades. The Nehruvian policy of Panchsheel, based on non-alignment and peaceful coexistence, shaped India’s foreign relations for a long time. However, this approach often raised questions about the practical effectiveness of India’s foreign policy. Events such as the 1962 Indo–China war, the Indian Peace Keeping Force mission in Sri Lanka in 1987, and the economic crisis of 1991 highlighted the need for a reassessment and transformation of foreign policy. As a result, from 2015 onwards, the Indian government proposed a more pragmatic and self-confident approach to foreign policy. India’s new stance toward terrorism, particularly evident in 2019, stands as a strong example of this shift. The transition from ‘Panchsheel’ to ‘Panchamrit’ reflects India’s movement toward a more assertive, realistic, and interest-driven foreign policy framework. Abstract in Hindi Language: लगभग 6 दशक से चली आ रही भारतीय विदेश नीति में परिवर्तन तथा वर्णन इस लेख का सार है। नेहरूवादी पंचशील की नीति गुटनिरपेक्षता और शांतिपूर्ण सह-अस्तित्व पर आधारित है, जिसने कई बार भारत की विदेश नीति की व्यावहारिकता पर सवाल उठाया है, 1962 का भारत-चीन युद्ध, 1987 में श्रीलंका में शांति सेना प्रयास, 1991 का आर्थिक संकट, कुछ उदाहरण है जिसके चलते नीति में बदलाव की आवश्यकता महसूस की जा रही थी। जिसके फलस्वरूप 2015 में भारतीय सरकार द्वारा प्रस्तावित लेख में विदेश नीति को अधिक व्यावहारिक और आत्मविश्वासी बनाने का प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं, 2019 में आतंकवाद की तरफ भारत का नया रवैया जिसका एक सशक्त उदाहरण है। Keywords: पंचशील, पंचामृत, विदेश नीति, शांतिपूर्ण सह-अस्तित्व, भारतीय सरकार
A Comprehensive Description of the Nutritional Status and Dietary Practices of Elderly Women of Mushahari Block, Muzaffarpur District
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional status and dietary practices of elderly women in the Mushahari block of Muzaffarpur district. Physical changes associated with aging, limited income, dependence on family members, and traditional food practices deeply influence their nutritional status. The study found that most elderly women are suffering from deficiencies of energy and protein, as well as micronutrient deficiencies such as iron, calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Characteristics of their diet—such as irregular meal timings, low consumption of fruits, vegetables, and milk, and inadequate intake of fluids—further aggravate nutritional deficiencies. Socio-economic constraints, illnesses, and reduced physical activity also intensify their nutritional problems. Overall, the nutritional status of elderly women in the region was found to range from moderate to low. The study emphasizes the urgent need for nutritional awareness, regular health check-ups, and family support for this group. Abstract in Hindi Language: यह अध्ययन मुजफ्फरपुर ज़िले के मुशहरी प्रखंड की वृद्ध महिलाओं की पोषण स्थिति और उनके आहार व्यवहार का व्यापक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। उम्र बढ़ने के साथ होने वाले शारीरिक परिवर्तन, सीमित आय, पारिवारिक निर्भरता और पारंपरिक भोजन पद्धति, इनके पोषण स्तर को गहराई से प्रभावित करती है। अध्ययन में पाया गया कि अधिकांश वृद्ध महिलाएँ ऊर्जा एवं प्रोटीन की कमी तथा आयरन, कैल्शियम, विटामिन- D और विटामिन-B12 जैसी सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की कमी से जूझ रही हैं। इनके भोजन की विशेषता अनियमित भोजन, फल-सब्ज़ियों और दूध का कम सेवन तथा तरल पदार्थों का अपर्याप्त उपयोग पोषण अभाव को और बढ़ाते हैं। सामाजिक आर्थिक बाधाएँ, बीमारियाँ और शारीरिक सक्रियता में कमी भी उनकी पोषण समस्या को गंभीर बनाती हैं। समग्र रूप से क्षेत्र की वृद्ध महिलाओं की पोषण स्थिति मध्यम से निम्न स्तर की पाई गई। अध्ययन इस वर्ग के लिए पोषण जागरूकता, नियमित स्वास्थ्य परीक्षण और पारिवारिक सहयोग की तत्काल आवश्यकता पर जोर देता है। Keywords: वृद्ध महिलाएँ, पोषण स्थिति, आहार-व्यवहार, सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व, कुपोषण
A Study of Technological Knowledge among Secondary Level Teacher Trainees
The fast expansion of information and communication technology (ICT) has transformed teacher training programs which now focus on teaching technological skills that educators need to succeed in their classrooms. The research investigates how secondary teacher trainees understand technology while it studies their technological abilities through different school environments and their male or female status and their local community setting. The research team collected data from 409 teacher trainees by administering a standardized technological knowledge scale through their descriptive survey method. The data analysis process included percentage analysis together with independent sample t-tests to evaluate the collected information. The research findings showed that most teacher trainees had average technological knowledge when they started their training. The research did not uncover any major distinctions between teacher trainees who attended government or government-aided institutions and those who studied at private schools. The study showed that urban teacher trainees had superior technological knowledge compared to their rural counterparts. The research showed that female teacher trainees learned technology better than their male fellow trainees when they received their training. The study reveals that future teachers who teach in rural schools require dedicated educational programs which will deliver equal technology access and learning resources to their students. Teacher education programs Need to build their techno-pedagogical expertise because teachers who want to succeed in technology-based education require this training.
From Retreats to Responsibility: Rebuilding Kashmir’s Sustainable Hotels
The present study offers a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the Kashmiri hotel market, particularly emphasising the crucial concept of sustainability in the dynamic and ever-evolving hospitality sector. The report discusses a range of obstacles and barriers that hoteliers confront in their efforts to achieve sustainability in their operations and practices. An exhaustive examination of the existing literature was conducted to propose a multitude of eco-friendly hotel procedures that are deemed appropriate and practical for the hotel industry of Kashmir. Moreover, the paper defines and elaborates on various strategies that hoteliers can effortlessly adopt and implement to promote sustainability, which would undoubtedly lead to a more sustainable and greener future for the hospitality industry in Kashmir.
Historical Analysis of Employment and Societal Changes Among Scheduled Castes in Post-Colonial North Bengal
This paper examines the shift in work patterns among the Scheduled Castes of North Bengal in the context of the drastic socio-economic fluctuations of the Indian subcontinent during 1951-2001. It outlines the manner in which three significant structural determinants of the refugee influx generated by partition, the state-sponsored agrarian reforms, and the economic liberalisation from 1991 onwards, reshaped the livelihoods of SCs in six districts: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur and Malda. Drawing on census data and research from several disciplines, the paper demonstrates that these developments entailed diverse discursive and thematic changes at the sectoral level, from largely agricultural work to manufacturing, services, and wage labour in the informal sector. Post-Partition refugee rehabilitation policies led to the alienation of native Schedule Caste (SC) landholders such as the Rajbanshi, turning them en masse into tenants and plantation labourers. Operation Barga and the land reform of the 1970s could do little for the SCs because of their flawed implementation and caste exclusions. The effects of the 1991 economic liberalisation included the rapid expansion of tourism and service jobs, as well as the further entrenchment of SC workers in casual, low-paid, informal jobs. This paper uses an intersectional map to illustrate SC women in North Bengal confronting a double bind, enmeshed in low-waged agricultural, plantation and domestic work and stuck in a web of wage discrimination. Half a century of policies such as job quotas and self-help groups have done little to shift deeply ingrained problems, such as educational disparities, caste prejudice, and limited access to land, that keep people economically vulnerable. The results call for integrative interventions comprising education, skills training, land reforms, and anti-discrimination enforcement to achieve real equity.
From Revelation to Reform: The Prophetic Model of Women’s Empowerment and Its Global Relevance Today
Women’s empowerment has long stood at the intersection of faith, reform, and social transformation. Across civilizations, the pursuit of gender justice has often been interpreted through secular paradigms, overlooking deeply rooted spiritual and moral traditions that historically advanced equity. This study explores the prophetic model of women’s empowerment as a framework grounded in revelation, moral integrity, and reformist praxis. It examines how the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)introduced foundational changes in the status of women reforms that redefined their rights to education, economic participation, inheritance, and social dignity. By analyzing this model through a contemporary lens, the study bridges classical prophetic ethics with modern discourses of gender equality, highlighting its adaptability to current global challenges. Further, it contrasts Islamic prophetic paradigms with other faith-based movements to underscore their shared ethical pursuit of justice and human dignity. Through this synthesis of theology, feminist hermeneutics, and social analysis, the study argues that the prophetic model offers a timeless and globally relevant blueprint for empowering women rooted in revelation yet responsive to reform. The findings contribute to the growing discourse on faith-informed feminism and demonstrate how spiritual ethics can inform sustainable gender justice in the modern world.
Beyond the Veil: The Spiritual and Social Influence of Sufi Women in Medieval India
The historiography of Indian Sufism has often prioritized male saints, poets, and spiritual leaders, overlooking the profound roles played by women in shaping mystical traditions, social networks, and devotional practices. This paper, “Beyond the Veil: The Spiritual and Social Influence of Sufi Women in Medieval India”, seeks to reclaim the silenced narratives of female mystics, disciples, and patrons who contributed to the evolution of Indian Sufism between the 12th and 18th centuries. Drawing on historical accounts, Sufi poetry, hagiographies, and gendered readings of Chishti and Suhrawardi orders, this study examines how women not only participated in spiritual instruction but also influenced the broader socio-religious fabric through philanthropy, shrine culture, and vernacular religious expression. The paper situates the contributions of Sufi women such as Bibi Fatima Sam within the inclusive ethos of medieval Indian Islam, arguing that their presence embodied the mystical union between the feminine and the divine an idea reflected in both Sufi metaphysics and poetry. Further, it demonstrates that their patronage of khanqahs (lodges) and dargahs (shrines) served as early models of female spiritual leadership and social reform. By analyzing gendered spiritual authority and the cultural hybridity of Indo-Islamic Sufism, this research illuminates the agency of Sufi women as mediators of love, faith, and community cohesion in precolonial India.
Balipara and Sadiya Frontier Tracts in the Perspective of Colonial Geo Politics
In few leading daily newspapers of North East India very often Chinese attempt to increase its foothold around India through its ‘string of pearl strategy’ and Bangladesh caretaker government’s remarks on the North East make headlines drawing security concerns for India. Border dispute between India and China had been an outstanding issue over the past several decades which had gone to the extent of military mobilisation. Ever since the Buddhist pilgrims Kashyapa Matanga, Kumarajiva, and Dharmaraksa visited China, Sino-India relations had been historically peaceful for thousands of years. Most of the time in history it was occupied by exchange of cultural relations, trade and missions involving Tibetan Buddhism. After 1825 British India came into proximity with Tibet. During the Manchus regime no serious attempts were made to demarcate the boundaries form either side. Trade and cultural relations continued between Tibet and British India. The rise of Russian empire and subsequent exchange of diplomatic ties with Tibet drew curiosity of British India. The mountain crests and Himalayan watersheds were drawn into the geo-political board. Then came Mao’s rule which changed his stand on Tibet and emerged as revisionist power. This paper though, explores some of the historical developments within the ‘free flowing frontiers’ of the North East India, comprising mostly the Balipara and Sadiya frrontier tracts, will not delve into ongoing contemporary issues. It is an attempt to unveil some of there remote claims on so called ‘great game politics’ preceding the Communist era.
Marathi Cinema as a Political Text: Reflecting Maharashtra's Ideological Landscape
Marathi cinema, as the oldest film industry in India with origins dating back to Dadasaheb Phalke's Raja Harishchandra (1913), has consistently functioned as more than mere entertainment. This research paper examines how Marathi cinema serves as a cultural mirror reflecting and shaping the complex political ideologies of Maharashtra. Through analysis of films from the silent era to contemporary productions, the paper identifies different dominant ideological streams such as right wing and left-wing ideologies, conservative and liberal views, experimental and contemporary opinions, hegemonic nationalism, anti-caste and social justice movements, regional identity politics centred on Marathi linguistic and cultural assertion; and contemporary power politics addressing corruption and leadership. The cinematic medium has proven particularly influential in constructing historical narratives about Maratha rulers like Chhatrapati Shivaji, whose legacy remains hotly contested by different political factions. By examining these cinematic representations across different historical periods, this paper demonstrates how Marathi films both respond to and actively shape Maharashtra's political consciousness, serving as a battleground where competing visions of society, history, and identity are negotiated and contested.
Digital Inclusion and Women’s Empowerment in Tribal Gujarat: An Empirical Study of the Internet Saathi Programme in Narmada District
The rapid expansion of digital technologies has transformed social, economic, and informational access across the globe. However, rural and tribal women in India continue to experience structural exclusion from digital resources, resulting in a persistent gendered digital divide. The Internet Saathi Programme, a collaborative initiative of Google and Tata Trusts, was introduced to promote digital literacy among rural women and enhance their socio-economic empowerment. This study examines the effectiveness of the Internet Saathi Programme among tribal women in Narmada district, Gujarat. Using a descriptive research design, using purposive sampling data were collected from 60 women beneficiaries across four talukas of Narmada district through structured interviews. The findings reveal that the programme significantly improved digital awareness, functional use of smartphones, access to government schemes, and self-confidence among participants. However, infrastructural limitations, low literacy levels, and socio-cultural barriers constrained the programme’s full potential. The study concludes that digital literacy initiatives like Internet Saathi can act as catalysts for women’s empowerment in tribal regions when complemented by sustained institutional support, infrastructure development, and gender-sensitive implementation strategies.
The Psychology of Social Media Use: An Empirical Study of User Attitudes and Influencing Factors
In the digital age, social networking sites (SNS) have emerged as dominant platforms for interpersonal communication, self-expression, and identity construction. This study seeks to empirically investigate the attitudes of social network users by exploring key socio-psychological correlates such as self-esteem, social anxiety, loneliness, need for validation, and peer influence. The research addresses a significant gap in understanding how these psychological variables shape or influence users' perceptions, behaviors, and emotional engagements with social media platforms. Grounded in the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, this study adopts a quantitative research design. A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 420 participants between the ages of 18 to 35, recruited from urban and semi-urban areas across India. Standardized psychological scales were used to measure the socio-psychological variables alongside a self-constructed Attitude Toward Social Media Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and included descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that users with higher levels of social anxiety and need for external validation exhibit more favorable attitudes towards excessive SNS usage, often as a coping mechanism for offline discomfort. Conversely, higher self-esteem was negatively associated with compulsive SNS behavior. Loneliness emerged as a strong positive predictor of increased SNS dependence. Peer influence also significantly moderated user attitudes, particularly among adolescents and young adults, suggesting a strong social conformity factor. This research contributes to the broader discourse on digital psychology by highlighting how internal psychological states interact with social factors to influence user behavior on online platforms. The study has implications for digital well-being programs, the design of socially responsible technology, and mental health interventions targeting youth who are vulnerable to the negative psychological effects of excessive social media engagement.
Article 371 As an Instrument of Asymmetrical Federalism: Its Philosophical Intent and Contemporary Relevance
Article 371 and its sub-clauses constitute one of the Constitution’s most consequential, yet insufficiently theorized devices for institutionalizing asymmetrical federalism in India. Although the constitutional scheme is often described as quasi-federal with a pronounced unitary tilt, Article 371 indicates a parallel design logic: the deliberate use of differentiated arrangements to secure integration without erasure in a society marked by deep regional, cultural, and developmental heterogeneity. This article examines Article 371 as a constitutional architecture of accommodation, tracing its historical emergence, mapping the distinct purposes served by clauses 371A to 371J, and analysis the legal form through which autonomy, recognition, and distributive concerns are translated into governance. Drawing on debates in cooperative and polycentric federalism, multicultural citizenship, constitutional patriotism, and constitutional pluralism, it argues that Article 371 is best understood not as episodic political bargaining but as an enduring commitment to protect vulnerable communities, preserve culturally embedded institutions, especially customary law and land regimes in parts of the Northeast and address structural regional inequalities. The article further situates Article 371 in contemporary constitutional politics shaped by post-2019 centralizing impulses, renewed contests over uniformity, resource governance disputes, and persistent demands for autonomy. It concludes that Article 371 remains a stabilizing constitutional mechanism: it operationalize a substantive conception of equality by recognizing that, in a diverse federation, equal citizenship may require differentiated constitutional safeguards.
A Guidance and Counseling-Based Program for the Development of Decision-Making Skills among Adolescents
The present study was conducted with the objective of understanding the effectiveness of a guidance and counseling-based program for the development of decision-making skills among adolescents. Adolescence is a stage marked by emotional fluctuations, social pressures, technological distractions, and challenges related to identity formation. Under such conditions, making appropriate decisions often becomes difficult, which can affect academic performance, mental health, social relationships, and future direction. In this context, a structured guidance and counseling program can support adolescents in making thoughtful decisions, analyzing alternatives, and developing problem-solving skills. In this research, an eight-session intervention program was implemented with 60 adolescents using a quasi-experimental design. The program included activities such as self-awareness, generation of alternative ideas, rational thinking, group discussions, role-play, case studies, and individual counseling. Decision-making skills were assessed before and after the program using a standardized scale. The results clearly indicated a statistically significant improvement in the decision-making skills of adolescents who participated in the program. Participants reported greater confidence in decision-making, improved problem-analysis abilities, and enhanced emotional control. The study suggests that if guidance and counseling-based programs are regularly incorporated in schools, adolescents’ life-management skills can be strengthened. Such programs not only enhance decision-making skills but also prepare adolescents mentally to evaluate options, understand risks, and make responsible decisions. Future research with larger samples and longitudinal designs may provide deeper insights in this direction. A quasi-experimental design was adopted as the methodology, with a sample of 50 adolescents selected for the study. The Decision-Making Skill Scale was used as the primary tool for data collection. A six-session counseling and guidance program was conducted, which included self-awareness, problem-solving, evaluation of alternatives, group activities, and role-play. The main findings indicate a clear and statistically significant improvement in decision-making skills among adolescents who participated in the program compared to their pre-intervention levels. Participants showed increased confidence, logical thinking, and a greater tendency toward responsible decision-making. Abstract in Hindi Language: यह अध्ययन किशोरों में निर्णय निर्माण कौशल के विकास हेतु मार्गदर्शन और परामर्श आधारित कार्यक्रम की प्रभावशीलता को समझने के उद्देश्य से किया गया है। किशोरावस्था वह चरण है जहाँ भावनात्मक उतार-चढ़ाव, सामाजिक दबाव, तकनीकी विचलन और पहचान निर्माण की चुनौतियाँ एक साथ सक्रिय रहती हैं। इन परिस्थितियों में उपयुक्त निर्णय लेना कई बार कठिन हो जाता है, जिससे उनके शैक्षणिक प्रदर्शन, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, सामाजिक संबंधों और भविष्य की दिशा पर प्रभाव पड़ता है। ऐसे में एक संरचित मार्गदर्शन एवं परामर्श कार्यक्रम उन्हें सोच-समझकर निर्णय लेने, विकल्पों का विश्लेषण करने और समस्या-समाधान कौशल के विकास में सहयोग प्रदान कर सकता है। इस शोध में 60 किशोरों पर अर्ध-प्रायोगिक डिजाइन के माध्यम से 8-सत्रीय हस्तक्षेप कार्यक्रम लागू किया गया, जिसमें आत्म-जागरूकता, वैकल्पिक विचार निर्मित करना, तर्कसंगत सोच, समूह-चर्चा, रोल-प्ले, केस-स्टडी, तथा व्यक्तिगत परामर्श जैसी गतिविधियाँ शामिल थीं। कार्यक्रम से पूर्व और पश्चात् निर्णय निर्माण कौशल का मूल्यांकन मानकीकृत पैमाने के माध्यम से किया गया। परिणामों से यह स्पष्ट हुआ कि कार्यक्रम में भाग लेने वाले किशोरों के निर्णय निर्माण कौशल में सांख्यिकीय रूप से महत्वपूर्ण सुधार देखा गया। प्रतिभागियों ने निर्णय लेने में अधिक आत्मविश्वास, बेहतर समस्या-विश्लेषण क्षमता और भावनात्मक नियंत्रण की वृद्धि अनुभव की। अध्ययन संकेत करता है कि यदि विद्यालयों में नियमित रूप से मार्गदर्शन एवं परामर्श आधारित कार्यक्रमों को शामिल किया जाए, तो किशोरों की जीवन-प्रबंधन क्षमता मजबूत हो सकती है। यह कार्यक्रम न केवल निर्णय निर्माण कौशल को बढ़ाता है, बल्कि उन्हें विकल्पों का मूल्यांकन करने, जोखिमों को समझने, तथा जिम्मेदार निर्णय लेने की मानसिक तैयारी भी देता है। भविष्य में बड़े नमूने और दीर्घकालिक अध्ययन इस दिशा में और गहन अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान कर सकते हैं। पद्धति के रूप में अर्ध-प्रायोगिक डिजाइन अपनाया गया, जिसमें 50 किशोरों के नमूने का चयन किया गया। डेटा संग्रह के लिए Decision-Making Skill Scale को मुख्य उपकरण के रूप में उपयोग किया गया। 6-सत्रीय परामर्श एवं मार्गदर्शन कार्यक्रम में आत्म-जागरूकता, समस्या-समाधान, विकल्पों का मूल्यांकन, समूह गतिविधियाँ और रोल-प्ले शामिल किए गए। मुख्य परिणाम बताते हैं कि कार्यक्रम में भाग लेने वाले किशोरों के निर्णय निर्माण कौशल में पूर्व की तुलना में स्पष्ट और सांख्यिकीय रूप से महत्वपूर्ण सुधार हुआ। प्रतिभागियों में आत्मविश्वास, तार्किक सोच, और जिम्मेदार निर्णय लेने की प्रवृत्ति बढ़ी। Keywords: निर्णय निर्माण कौशल, किशोरावस्था, मार्गदर्शन कार्यक्रम, परामर्श, कौशल विकास
Ambedkar’s Inclusive Social Order and Gandhi’s Social Harmony in Addressing Patriarchy and Gender-Based Inequality
This paper takes a comparative philosophical discussion about the attitudes of B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi to patriarchy and gender-based inequality in contemporary India. By locating gender injustice through caste society, family forms and moral economies, the research claims that both Ambedkar and Gandhi developed separate ways to gender justice, which yet intersected. Constitutional morality, legal equality and structural reform A visionary description of the social order presented by Ambedkar anticipated that women have the rights to property, marriage and autonomy without which social democracy would be impossible. Gandhi, in his turn, focused on social harmony as a result of ethical rejuvenation, finding the gender reform in the context of Ahimsa and Satya, as well as moral conduct of daily life, but not the juridical change only. The paper is based mainly on already published Writings and Speeches of Ambedkar, Constituent Assembly Debates and Collected Works of Gandhi and was not based on hagiography or presentism, as it read the two thinkers within the limits of their time. The comparative analysis indicates that legal reform or moral change alone can be not enough: law without moral change can become formalist, whereas a moral change without institutional reform perpetuates patriarchy of the organization. The paper can be applied to the modern feminist theory by offering the integration of rights justice in the form of a layered framework by bringing Ambedkar and Gandhi into conversation.
Patterns and Determinants of Organizational Membership among Older Adults in India
Social participation a crucial element of active and healthy ageing, as it reduces social isolation and enhances physical, mental, and subjective well-being among older adults. In rapidly ageing societies like India, understanding the level and determinants of organizational membership is increasingly important for policy formulation. However, empirical evidence on social participation among older adults in India remains limited. So, study examines the extent and socio-economic determinants of organizational membership among older adults in using data Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), Wave-1 (2017–18). Analysis based on a nationally representative sample of 66,606 individuals aged 45 years and above, comprising 34,704 persons aged 45–59 years and 31,902 aged 60 years and above. Organizational membership, measured as a binary variable, used as a proxy for social participation. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and binary logistic regression techniques employed to assess participation patterns and identify key determinants across age groups. Findings indicate that organizational membership among older adults in India is very low, with only about 7 per cent reporting membership in any organization. Participation higher among 45–59 years individuals (8%) than aged 60 years and above (5%). Marked socio-economic differentials evident. Higher participation associated with rural residence, females, higher education, current employment, and better household economic status. Multivariate results show that education, work status, and economic status are strong predictors, while urban residence and widowhood reduce participation, among the elderly. Study highlights persistent social inequalities and highlights policy needs that promote inclusive, age-friendly social environments in India.
Building Leadership Capacities: The Key to Sustainable Teacher Professional Development
In today's ever-changing educational system, it is crucial to invest in long-term teacher professional development (TPD) programs to keep up with the latest trends and guarantee better student results and better teaching methods. The importance of school leaders, mentors, and teachers developing leadership abilities that promote ongoing professional development is highlighted in this research, which delves into the crucial function of leadership capabilities in promoting long-term professional development (TPD). This study focusses on the characteristics of effective leaders and how they might improve teacher engagement, motivation, and resilience. These characteristics include collaborative decision-making, instructional leadership, and transformational leadership. In order to determine the impact of leadership-driven professional development programs, this study uses a descriptive strategy, together with questionnaires and in-depth discussions with school administrators and teachers. Results show that instructional creativity, school resilience in the face of educational changes, and teacher retention are all positively correlated with school leadership structures. In order to make sure that TPD programs work in varied school contexts for the long run, the research suggests ways to include leadership development into them.
Sustainable Teacher Professional Development
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conversational Models: A Study of DeepSeek and ChatGPT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved over the past few decades, transforming industries, economies, and societies. As AI technologies continue to advance, the future of AI holds immense potential to revolutionize various aspects of human life. The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the development of sophisticated language models like OpenAI's ChatGPT and DeepSeek's AI systems. These technologies are transforming industries, enhancing human productivity, and reshaping how we interact with machines. This paper explores the future of AI, with a focus on the evolution of conversational AI systems like ChatGPT and DeepSeek, focusing on emerging trends, opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations. It examines their potential applications, challenges, and the broader implications for society, while also discussing how these technologies will shape the future of AI. Abstract in Gujarati Language: Artificial intelligence (AI) છેલ્લા કેટલાક દાયકાઓમાં ઝડપથી વિકસિત થઈ છે, જેના કારણે ઉદ્યોગો, અર્થતંત્ર અને સમાજોમાં પરિવર્તન આવ્યું છે. AI ટેક્નોલોજી સતત આગળ વધી રહી છે, જેના કારણે માનવ જીવનના વિવિધ પાસાઓમાં ક્રાંતિ લાવવાની અપરિમિત સંભાવનાઓ છે. AIના ઝડપી વિકાસને કારણે OpenAIનું ChatGPT અને DeepSeek જેવી અદ્યતન ભાષા મોડેલ્સ વિકસિત થયા છે. આ ટેક્નોલોજીઓ ઉદ્યોગોને પરિવર્તિત કરી રહી છે, માનવીય ઉત્પાદકતા વધારી રહી છે અને મશીનો સાથેની આપણી પરસ્પર ક્રિયાને ફરીથી વ્યાખ્યાયિત કરી રહી છે. આ લેખમાં ChatGPT અને DeepSeek જેવી સંવાદાત્મક AI સિસ્ટમોના વિકાસ પર ધ્યાન કેન્દ્રિત કરીને, ઉદ્ભવતી પ્રવૃત્તિઓ, તકો, પડકારો અને નૈતિક વિચારણાઓનું વિશ્લેષણ કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. Keywords: એઆઈ, ડીપસીક, ચેટજીપીટી
Need of Ethics in Research and Experimentation
Ethics in experimentation and research is essential for protecting human rights, ensuring the welfare of animals, maintaining scientific integrity, and sustaining public trust. Historically, unethical research practices have led to severe violations of human dignity, exploitation of vulnerable populations, and unnecessary suffering of animals. These failures prompted the development of international ethical guidelines such as the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. Today, research spans diverse fields like biotechnology, artificial intelligence, data science, environmental studies, and social sciences, each presenting unique ethical challenges. This paper will explore the philosophical foundations, historical evolution, principles, and contemporary significance of ethics in research. It argues that ethical considerations are indispensable for responsible science, particularly as modern technologies magnify the potential for societal impact, harm, and misuse. The need for ethics in research is not merely regulatory but moral, ensuring that scientific progress aligns with justice, respect, and the collective good.