Research Review Journal of Social Science
UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals हिंदी में पढ़ें | ગુજરાતી માટે ક્લિક કરો The Research Review Journal of Social Science (RRJSS) is double blind, peer-reviewed, online journal in English, Hindi and Gujarati languages that provides platform to the academicians and scholars to enrich their expertise in the areas of the social science, humanity. The journal offers rigorous peer review (double blind) and fast publication. The RRJSS enables the wide dissemination of research articles, review articles, short communications to the global community without restriction. The journal is open access. Title: Research Review Journal of Social Science Frequency of Publication: Bi-Annual (Two Issues per year) ISSN (Online): 2583-2867 (Online) Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Process Subject: Social Science and Humanities Languages: English/Hindi/Gujarat [Multiple Languages] Indexing: Google Scholar Accessibility: Open Access Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (License) Publication Format: Online Contact No.: +91- 93284 90029 Email: editor@rrjournals.co.in Website: https://rrjournals.co.in/ Address: 15/B, Kalyan Nagar Society, Fire Brigade Road, Outside Shahpur Gate, Ahmedabad-380004 Gujarat (India)
RESEARCH REVIEW PUBLICATION Registration No. UDYAM-GJ-14-0031580
Role of Quality Education in Sustainable Development Goals: Opportunities and Challenges in the Context of Rural Environment
Sustainable development refers to a form of progress that allows future generations to meet their needs without compromising their own. Since a large part of India’s population still lives in villages, it is important for individuals to develop a new understanding that integrates social and economic inclusion with environmental protection. To achieve this, access to quality education for all is essential. This paper discusses the reach and relevance of education in rural settings, examining both its positive and negative impacts on the future. The study employs qualitative research methods and a descriptive writing approach. Both primary and secondary sources, including journals and magazines, have been used to maintain the quality and depth of the research paper. Abstract in Hindi Language: सतत विकास अर्थात ऐसा विकास जिसमे आने वाली पीढ़ियाँ अपने आवश्यकता की पूर्ति अपने जरूरतों से बिना समझौता किये कर सके। चूकि भारत की अधिकांश जनसंख्या अभी भी गावों मे ही निवास करती है। इसी कारण सामाजिक और आर्थिक समावेशन के साथ पर्यावरण संरक्षण की भी व्यक्ति को नवीन समझ होनी जरुरी है। जिस हेतु सभी के पास गुणवत्ता परक शिक्षा की प्राप्ति होना आवश्यक है, लेख में ग्रामीण परिवेश हेतु शिक्षा की पहुँच व उनके मानक अनुरूप उपयोगिता के साथ इसके भविष्य में पड़ने वाले सकारात्मक व नकारात्मक प्रभावों को लेखबद्ध किया गया है। प्रस्तुत लेख में गुणात्मक शोध प्रविधि व वर्णनात्मक लेखन विधि का रूपण विस्तृत किया गया। इस हेतु प्राथमिक व द्वितीयक स्रोतों के साथ पत्र-पत्रिका का भी उपयोग किया गया हैं, ताकि शोध पत्र लेखन की उत्कृष्टता बनी रही। Keywords: नवीन, गुणवत्ता, पर्यावरण संरक्षण, मानक, समावेशन, सतत विकास, परिवेश
Constitutional Morality as Public Economics: Ambedkar’s Blueprint for the Indian Welfare State
B. R. Ambedkar envisioned a new India working on the intersection of a new constitution, economic ideas focused on social justice, and equality. This paper attempts to build on the work of Ambedkar by examining how he conceived of constitutional morality to guide public economics and the welfare framework for the nation. The analysis is grounded in a qualitative, analytical framework where Ambedkar’s works, constitutional debates, and contemporary policy documents influence the study in significant ways. The Constitution, especially the Directive Principles of State Policy, provides the contours of a welfare state, and the framework of the Constitution provides the moral imperatives for the state. The analysis shows that India has institutionalized a significant part of Ambedkar’s vision through social action, however, enduring inequality, exclusion, and a negative balance in the country’s public finances diminishes this embrace. The analysis shows that the constitutional morality porously hovered with the neglect of constitutive policies, redistributive action, and exploitative economics on the periphery, resulting in the erosion of social democracy. The study argues the revival of Ambedkar’s moral economics framework which calls for policy integration on the triad of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. The morality of the constitution must be bolstered for Ambedkar’s vision of India to be actualized.
Predicting Academic Procrastination Among Undergraduate Students: The Role of Study Habits and Gender Through Hierarchical Regression Modelling
Academic procrastination affects 35-95% of undergraduate students with significant consequences for achievement and well-being. This study examined study habits and gender as predictors of academic procrastination among 450 Indian undergraduate students (M age = 20.1; 48.9% female). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed three key findings. First, study habits significantly predicted procrastination, β = -0.520, p < .001, explaining 27.1% of variance. Second, gender contributed additional variance (11.9%, p < .001), with males reporting higher procrastination than females, β = 0.352. Third, the Study Habits × Gender interaction was non-significant, β = -0.057, p = .304, indicating gender does not moderate the study habits-procrastination relationship. The final model explained 39.0% of procrastination variance. Results support self-regulation and temporal motivation theories, demonstrating that study habits function as a universal protective factor with equivalent effectiveness across genders. Implications include prioritizing universal study habit interventions in university settings while addressing complementary factors (emotion regulation, anxiety, and perfectionism) to address the remaining 61% of unexplained variance. Findings extend international procrastination research to the underexamined Indian educational context.
A Study of Changing Language Trends and Their Causes: In the Context of 21st Century Hindi Cinema
This research paper presents an in-depth analysis of the changing linguistic trends in 21st-century Hindi cinema, examining their forms and the socio-cultural and technological factors that influence them. The central argument of the study is that the language of Hindi cinema is not a static entity but a dynamic flow, constantly adapting to globalization, digitalization, and evolving social identities. Based on linguistic theories of language change, this study explores conversational Hindi in films, the growing trend of English mixing (code-mixing), the rise of Hinglish, the influence of regional languages, and the emergence of new vocabulary shaped by social media. The paper concludes that the transformation of language in cinema is not merely linguistic but also a reflection of deep social and cultural shifts, representing the multidimensional and integrative nature of contemporary Indian identity. Through an analysis of dialogues, vocabulary, and linguistic styles from various films, the study finds that the language of Hindi cinema has become more practical, multilingual, and globally influenced. This shift not only mirrors the linguistic preferences of modern audiences but also reflects the broader cultural transitions occurring within society. Abstract in Hindi Language: यह शोधपत्र २१वीं सदी के हिंदी सिनेमा में भाषा के बदलते प्रचलनों, उनके स्वरूप, और उन्हें प्रेरित करने वाले सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक-तकनीकी कारकों का गहन विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। शोध का केंद्रीय तर्क यह है कि हिंदी सिनेमा की भाषा एक स्थिर इकाई न होकर एक गतिशील प्रवाह है, जो वैश्वीकरण, डिजिटलीकरण, और बदलती सामाजिक पहचानों के साथ निरंतर अनुकूलन कर रही है। यह अध्ययन भाषाई परिवर्तन के सिद्धांतों के आधार पर हिंदी फिल्मों में बोलचाल की हिंदी, अंग्रेजी के बढ़ते सम्मिश्रण (कोड-मिक्सिंग), हिंग्लिश के उदय, क्षेत्रीय भाषाओं के प्रभाव, और सोशल मीडिया से उपजी नवीन शब्दावली की पड़ताल करता है। शोधपत्र इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि सिनेमा में भाषा का यह रूपांतर केवल भाषाई नहीं, बल्कि एक गहन सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तन का सूचक है, जो समकालीन भारतीय पहचान की बहुआयामी और समन्वयकारी प्रकृति को प्रतिबिंबित करता है।इस शोध लेख में हिंदी सिनेमा की भाषा में हो रहे बदलावों, उनके प्रचलन और कारणों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। इसके लिए विभिन्न फिल्मों के संवाद, शब्दावली और भाषाई शैली का अध्ययन किया गया है। शोध से पता चलता है कि हिंदी सिनेमा की भाषा अब अधिक व्यावहारिक, बहुभाषी और वैश्विक प्रभावों से युक्त हो गई है। यह शोध लेख हिंदी सिनेमा की भाषा में हो रहे बदलावों को समझने और उनके कारणों का विश्लेषण करने का सच्चा प्रयास है। विभिन्न फिल्मों के संवाद, शब्दावली और भाषाई शैली का अध्ययन करने पर पता चलता है कि हिंदी सिनेमा की भाषा अब अधिक व्यावहारिक, बहुभाषी और वैश्विक प्रभावों से युक्त हो गई है। यह बदलाव न केवल दर्शकों की भाषाई प्राथमिकताओं को दर्शाता है, बल्कि समाज में हो रहे सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तनों को भी प्रतिबिंबित करता है। Keywords: हिंदी सिनेमा, भाषा परिवर्तन, 21वीं सदी, बहुभाषावाद, हिंग्लिश, सांस्कृतिक प्रभाव, तकनीकी विकास, वैश्वीकरण, मिश्रीत भाषा
A Reality Check on India’s Direct and Indirect Reservations Exposes How Structural Privileges and Systemic Inequalities Shape Access and Opportunity
Reservation, as a social and economic policy, was conceptualized in India to correct historical injustices and ensure equal participation in public life. Over the decades, however, reservation has taken multiple shapes from constitutionally defined categories like Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) to subtler forms of privilege embedded in economic, educational, judicial, and political institutions. This paper explores both direct reservations (legally codified quotas) and indirect reservations (systemic advantages disguised as merit or access). It critically examines the underlying concept of equality, analyses disparities in resource allocation, education, taxation, judicial appointments, and corporate favouritism, and discusses their implications for innovation, equity, and democracy. The study concludes that India’s reservation system, both visible and invisible, reflects deep structural biases that must be rethought to balance social justice and meritocracy.
The Gandhian Vision of Creative Work as Social Transformation
This paper excavates the philosophical foundations of Mahatma Gandhi’s conception of work (shram) as a mechanism for individual and social transformation. Employing an intellectual-historical and hermeneutic approach, it argues that Gandhi’s theory of “creative work” constituted a comprehensive philosophy of praxis integrating ethics, economics, and politics. Based on close readings of Gandhi’s writings, the study delineates how he bridged spiritual and material realms through constructive labor. The analysis shows how principles such as Swadeshi (self-reliance), Sarvodaya (uplift of all), and the practice of “bread labor” were interwoven into Gandhi’s radical critique of industrial modernity and his program for spiritual and social regeneration. It finds that Gandhi’s integration of moral principles with everyday labor provided a coherent critique of modernity and a blueprint for rebuilding society from the bottom up. Gandhi’s vision of work emerges not as a mere economic doctrine but as a transformative project to empower individuals, build egalitarian communities, and re-embed economics within a moral and spiritual framework. For Gandhi, this “constructive programme” of work was as vital as political resistance in achieving swaraj (self-rule) and social justice. The study concludes that this Gandhian paradigm an internally coherent system linking productive labor with nonviolence and self-rule offers enduring insights for contemporary debates on sustainable development, the dignity of labor, and alternative models of progress.
Caste as an Economic Institution: Formalizing Ambedkar’s Theory of Graded Inequality
The caste system in India has always been understood as a social order. This paper proposes an alternative conception it views the caste system as an economic institution. Using Ambedkar’s theory of ‘graded inequality’, the paper attempts to construct a formal framework to understand caste in economic terms. Using Ambedkar’s writings in conjunction with contemporary empirical studies and government data, we show how caste stratification impacts labor markets, human capital formation, and resource access. The most important result is that lower-caste groups, on average, have less wealth, possess fewer assets, and face more obstacles to upward socio-economic mobility. The evidence suggests that caste operates as a market-controlled system. In other words, it disallows socio-economic mobility by allocating pre-determined economic roles and exercising economic control of group advantages and disadvantages. This paper is the first to formalize Ambedkar’s theory of graded inequality and thus is a major step in knowing the costs of caste, particularly in informing more constructive inclusion policies. This is particularly important as it highlights the importance of policies that treat caste as an economic structure. This is important as it reinforces economic social justice.
Corporate Restructuring - Implications on Indian Companies
Corporate restructuring reconfigures organisational hierarchy, its internal structure and operational procedures. Businesses under restructuring achieve aims like becoming more responsive and competitive towards changes in the market. Further, the study aims to examine the influences of mergers, acquisitions, and demergers on the corporate restructuring of Indian companies. For evaluating the inferences, the study employed a primary data collection process through a survey of 101 participants from an Indian organisation. The research findings find that the overall mergers help in driving stronger results during restructuring. It also emphasises that phenomena of corporate restructuring positively help in transforming organisational performance, and it is also widely known as an important tool for the landscape of the Indian corporate sector.
Status of Accessibility and Connectivity of Market Centres in Alipurduar District: A GIS Based Analysis
Market centres are very important in determining how the economy in rural and semi-urban areas develops. They are the major social and economic exchange and trade centers, which encourage interaction and integration between communities. The present study analyses the spatial distribution, accessibility and connectivity of major market centres in Alipurduar district, West Bengal, to understand the regional disparities in accessibility and market connectivity. This study used location point of the major market centres by Google Earth Pro and USGS Earth Explorer. The Analysis is done by ArcGIS Platform. According to the findings, the market centres and Krishok Bazars are clustered within the southern blocks of Alipurduar-I, Alipurduar- II and Falakata, where road and rail centers are better developed. There is weak market distribution and road connectivity in northern and northeastern parts especially Kalchini and Kumargram. The Detour Index shows more traveling movements in these regions whereas the Composite connectivity index depicts a definite core-periphery distribution, where Falakata is most connected and Madarihat-Birpara is less connected. The research shows inequitable market access to be significant limitations to a balanced development. An inclusive economic growth and sustainable rural development in the Alipurduar district should be augmented by developing Krishok Bazars, strengthening road networks, and specifically concentrating on the improvement of infrastructure in areas where access is low.
Understanding the link between Infrastructural services and Homestay Tourism in the Rural district of Kalimpong, India
Understanding the link between tourism and infrastructure is vital for travel destinations in rural settings. The vision of sustainable development of rural areas rests on the regeneration of rural infrastructures to reach the full potential of any rural economic activity. In fact, this will support the SDG goal as embedded in the National target Framework guidelines. Rural homestay tourism is such an enterprise that demands the functioning of decent public service facilities. Since the present study is based in rural hilly terrain, characterized by limited infrastructures, the rugged topography is not only an impediment to the creation of public services, but maintaining them is also challenging. The study is based on a primary survey of Gram-panchayats offices (village-based level administrative offices) and personal interviews of rural tourism service providers. The panchayat-wise mean spacing of facilities has been calculated to determine the availability of public services. The actual access to such facilities by service providers has been analyzed using the Importance-Access status matrix. The findings suggest basic facilities like rural road connections, drinking water, and electrification are moderately accessible. But the district lags far behind in terms of tourism-centric facilities. A holistic approach with region-specific policy and planning is desirable to boost rural homestay tourism as a driving force of economic growth in the district.
Integrating Land, Forest, and Food: Rethinking Adivasi Livelihoods in India
Adivasi communities in India, officially recognized as Scheduled Tribes, have historically relied on land and forests for subsistence and cultural identity. However, colonial interventions, post-independence development policies, and integration into market economies have disrupted these systems, leading to land alienation, ecological degradation, and chronic food insecurity. This paper presents a narrative review of interdisciplinary scholarship, with a particular focus on Kerala, to examine the nexus between livelihoods, land, forest dependence, and food security among Adivasis. The review highlights how transitions from subsistence-based economies to wage labour and migration have reduced autonomy and resilience, while policies such as land reforms and the Forest Rights Act remain weakly implemented. A critical gap identified is the limited research connecting livelihood transformations directly to food and nutritional security, despite evidence of declining dietary diversity and dependence on subsidized food grains. The paper argues that without secure land and forest rights, Adivasis cannot achieve livelihood resilience or food sovereignty. It calls for integrative policy frameworks that combine ecological sustainability, tribal rights, and culturally appropriate food systems to address both structural inequalities and nutritional well-being.
The Multidimensional Perspective of Discourses in Contemporary Hindi Literature: A Comparative Study of Dalit, Feminist, Tribal, and Environmental Consciousness
In recent decades, contemporary Hindi literature has expressed the complexities of socio-cultural realities with unprecedented intensity. Among these, four major streams of discourse—Dalit, feminist, tribal, and environmental—have given new directions to the purpose, sensitivity, and aesthetics of writing. This research paper presents a comparative study of these four discourses to understand how Hindi literature has foregrounded questions of inequality, exploitation, identity, rights, and ecological balance in its creative projects. Dalit writing emphasizes resistance and dignity against caste hierarchy and social exclusion; feminist discourse critiques patriarchal structures and seeks to restore women’s autonomy and decision-making capacity; tribal discourse opens up the political meanings of nature-centered culture, community, and the experiences of displacement; while environmental discourse places the mutual relationship between humans and nature, as well as ecological justice, at the center of literary exploration. From a comparative perspective, it becomes clear that despite their different thematic foci and techniques of expression, these discourses converge in a shared project of justice, equality, and sustainability. The study concludes that contemporary Hindi literature is not merely a medium of aesthetic experience but also an active force for socio-political change, providing a creative foundation for identity formation, democratic consciousness, and ecological responsibility. Abstract in Hindi Language: समकालीन हिन्दी साहित्य ने पिछले कुछ दशकों में सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक यथार्थ की जटिलताओं को अभूतपूर्व तीव्रता के साथ अभिव्यक्त किया है। विशेष रूप से दलित, स्त्री, आदिवासी और पर्यावरण विमर्श इन चार धाराओं ने लेखन के उद्देश्य, संवेदना और शिल्प को नई दिशाएँ प्रदान की हैं। यह शोधपत्र इन चार विमर्शों का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है ताकि यह समझा जा सके कि हिन्दी साहित्य ने किस प्रकार असमानता, शोषण, अस्मिता, अधिकार और पारिस्थितिक संतुलन के प्रश्नों को अपनी रचनात्मक परियोजना में केंद्रित किया है। दलित लेखन जातिगत पदानुक्रम और सामाजिक बहिष्करण के विरुद्ध प्रतिरोध और स्वाभिमान का आग्रह करता है; स्त्री विमर्श पितृसत्तात्मक संरचनाओं की आलोचना कर स्त्री की स्वायत्तता और निर्णय क्षमता की पुनर्स्थापना करता है; आदिवासी विमर्श प्रकृति-निष्ठ संस्कृति, सामुदायिकता और विस्थापन के अनुभवों के राजनीतिक अर्थ खोलता है; वहीं पर्यावरण विमर्श मनुष्य–प्रकृति के पारस्परिक संबंध और पर्यावरणीय न्याय को साहित्यिक विमर्श के केंद्र में रखता है। तुलनात्मक दृष्टि से स्पष्ट होता है कि ये विमर्श अलग-अलग विषय-केंद्र और अभिव्यक्ति-तकनीकों के बावजूद न्याय, समानता और सततता की साझा परियोजना में अंतर्लीन हैं। यह अध्ययन निष्कर्ष देता है कि समकालीन हिन्दी साहित्य महज़ सौंदर्यबोध का साधन नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक-राजनीतिक परिवर्तन की सक्रिय शक्ति है, जो अस्मिता-निर्माण, लोकतांत्रिक चेतना और पारिस्थितिक जिम्मेदारी को रचनात्मक आधार प्रदान करती है। Keywords: हिन्दी साहित्य, दलित विमर्श, स्त्री विमर्श, आदिवासी चेतना, पर्यावरणीय दृष्टि, समकालीनता, सामाजिक न्याय, तुलनात्मक अध्ययन
Bail Under the UAPA and Preventive Detention Laws: A Legal and Jurisprudential Analysis
This paper examines the legal and jurisprudential dimensions of bail under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and preventive detention laws in India. It begins with an introduction that outlines the tension between national security imperatives and individual constitutional rights, especially the right to personal liberty under Article 21. The paper traces the historical background of these laws, highlighting their origins and evolution in response to threats to public order and national security. The legislative framework section details the stringent bail provisions under Section 43D(5) of the UAPA and the constitutional basis for preventive detention under Article 22 of the Indian Constitution, discussing the exceptional nature of these laws compared to general criminal law standards. The judicial response segment analyses landmark judgments that have shaped the interpretation and application of bail and preventive detention, including the Supreme Court’s efforts to balance state security concerns with fair trial rights. It reviews cases such as National Investigation Agency v. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali and Union of India v. K.A. Najeeb, which demonstrate the evolving judicial stance towards ensuring speedy trials and protecting personal freedoms within the confines of these special laws. Also, the paper presents a comparative analysis with other democracies like the United Kingdom and the United States, where bail and preventive detention laws incorporate stronger procedural safeguards, judicial oversight and explicit time limits to mitigate risks of arbitrary detention and safeguard fundamental rights. This comparative perspective highlights the distinctive challenges within India’s legal system and suggests areas for reform. The conclusion synthesises the key findings, underscoring the urgent need for legislative and judicial reforms to prevent misuse and protect constitutional liberties without compromising security objectives. Finally, the paper offers well considered suggestions aimed at enhancing judicial discretion, expediting trials, and strengthening oversight mechanisms. This comprehensive legal and jurisprudential analysis provides a nuanced understanding of the complexities surrounding bail under the UAPA and preventive detention laws in India, situating them within broader comparative and constitutional frameworks.
Strategic Relations between India and West Asia in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities
In the 21st century, strategic relations between India and West Asia have developed significantly, driven by the complex interplay of economic, geopolitical, and cultural factors. This review article explores the dynamic and multidimensional nature of these relations, highlighting key areas of cooperation and contention. At the core of this relationship is India’s growing dependence on West Asian energy resources, which is closely linked to its strategic interests in regional security and economic partnerships. The article examines major bilateral relations, including those with Saudi Arabia, Iran, the UAE, and Israel, providing a detailed account of how these alliances shape and are shaped by regional conflicts, shifting power dynamics, and global geopolitical trends. The impact on India’s foreign policy is profound, as the country navigates its role amid competing interests of global powers and regional instability. By analyzing these strategic interactions, the article provides insights into India’s emerging foreign policy strategies and its approach to balancing economic gains with geopolitical stability. It underscores the importance of these relations in shaping India’s global position and highlights future opportunities and challenges in the context of an increasingly complex international landscape. Abstract in Hindi Language: 21वीं सदी में, भारत और पश्चिम एशिया के बीच रणनीतिक संबंध काफी विकसित हुए हैं, जो आर्थिक, भू-राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक कारकों के जटिल अंतर्संबंध से प्रेरित हैं। यह समीक्षा लेख इन संबंधों की गतिशील और बहुआयामी प्रकृति का पता लगाता है, सहयोग और विवाद के प्रमुख क्षेत्रों पर प्रकाश डालता है। इस संबंध का केंद्र भारत की पश्चिम एशियाई ऊर्जा संसाधनों पर बढ़ती निर्भरता है, जो क्षेत्रीय सुरक्षा और आर्थिक साझेदारी में इसके रणनीतिक हितों के साथ जुड़ा हुआ है। लेख सऊदी अरब, ईरान, यूएई और इज़राइल सहित प्रमुख द्विपक्षीय संबंधों की जांच करता है, जिसमें विस्तार से बताया गया है कि ये गठबंधन क्षेत्रीय संघर्षों, बदलती शक्ति गतिशीलता और वैश्विक भू-राजनीतिक रुझानों को कैसे आकार देते हैं और कैसे आकार लेते हैं। भारत की विदेश नीति पर प्रभाव गहरा है, क्योंकि देश वैश्विक शक्तियों और क्षेत्रीय अस्थिरता से प्रतिस्पर्धी हितों के बीच अपनी भूमिका निभाता है। इन रणनीतिक अंतःक्रियाओं का विश्लेषण करके, लेख भारत की उभरती हुई विदेश नीति रणनीतियों और आर्थिक लाभों और भू-राजनीतिक स्थिरता के बीच संतुलन बनाए रखने के उसके दृष्टिकोण के बारे में जानकारी प्रदान करता है। भारत की वैश्विक स्थिति को आकार देने में इन संबंधों के महत्व को रेखांकित करता हैं और तेजी से जटिल होते अंतरराष्ट्रीय परिदृश्य के संदर्भ में भविष्य के अवसरों और चुनौतियों को उजागर करता हैं। Keywords: भारत, पश्चिम एशिया, सामरिक संबंध, ऊर्जा सुरक्षा, आतंकवाद, विदेश नीति
Consumer Protection in the Digital Era: A Critical Analysis of Legal Safeguards against Online Shopping Fraud
This paper critically examines consumer protection in the digital era, focusing specifically on legal safeguards against online shopping fraud in India. The study begins with an introduction outlining the growing significance of e-commerce and the associated risks of fraudulent activities in online transactions. It then explores the various types and notable instances of online shopping fraud, highlighting how sophisticated schemes such as credit card theft, refund fraud, and fake seller scams have increasingly imperilled consumers and businesses alike. The impact of these fraudulent activities on society is discussed in terms of financial loss, erosion of trust, psychological distress, and operational burdens on both consumers and e-commerce platforms. The legislative framework addressing online shopping fraud in India is comprehensively analysed, emphasising the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, the Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules, 2020 and complementary provisions under the Information Technology Act and BNS criminal statutes. These laws collectively create obligations for e-commerce entities, extend protections to consumers and establish enforcement mechanisms through the Central Consumer Protection Authority. Significant judicial responses are reviewed, showcasing recent landmark judgments that affirm platform liability, consumer rights, and the judiciary’s willingness to address complex digital fraud cases. A comparative analysis with other countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia illustrates how India can learn from global best practices, including the use of AI-powered fraud detection, stringent seller verification and coordinated regulatory enforcement. The conclusion synthesises these insights by emphasising the necessity for a multifaceted approach that combines rigorous legal safeguards, judicial vigilance, and cutting edge technological tools to safeguard consumers effectively. The paper closes with practical suggestions aimed at enhancing enforcement capacity, increasing consumer awareness, mandating transparency, technological innovation, streamlining dispute resolution and fostering international collaboration to mitigate online shopping fraud.
Impediments encountered by Teachers at the tertiary level of Education-A brief survey
Teachers face enumerable difficulties that are often overlooked. Several constrictions and dire conditions are shouldered by teachers. Such extreme factors cause psychosomatic discomforts. This eventually become fatal for the well-being of teachers. Teachers face professional burnout that has direct impact on the mental and physical health of teachers (Schwab and Iwanicki, 1982). Extreme distress and psychological weariness lead to apathy towards the profession among teachers (Niles and Anderson, 1993). Teaching is one profession where head, heart and soul play vital role. Teachers are looked up to as care givers and empathisers. Adversities of any kind pertaining to their profession leads to gradual disengagement. The primal focus of this article is to study stress faced by teachers in relation to their job/occupation. There are various concomitant factors that contribute to the stress, like workload, remuneration and perquisites, relation with the management, relation with the students. Besides, there are certain demographic factors that also play key roles and are found to affect occupational stress. Research Design: A descriptive survey research design was adopted to conduct the study. Hypotheses: Null hypotheses were constructed basing on the objectives. Sample and sample size and data collection: Data was collected from teachers hailing from the teachers working at the tertiary level of education where the sample size was one hundred and twenty (n=120). Tools: Standardised questionnaires were administered on the participants. Statistics: As per requirement inferential and descriptive statistics were applied. Conclusion: The result showed significant differences and correlation among variables undertaken in the study.
Fragments of a Hybrid Self: A Study of Identity and Belonging in the Poetry of Derek Walcott
The poetry of Derek Walcott unfolds a remarkable synthesis of cultural influences, literary traditions, and personal history. This paper exhibits the complex interplay of identity, hybridity, and belonging in his poetry. Walcott's poetic voice negotiates the tensions between colonial heritage and cultural autonomy, between African and European influences, and between personal memory and collective history. Through a minute reading of selected poems, including "A Far Cry from Africa", "Names", and "The Schooner Flight", this study explores how Walcott constructs a hybrid self that resists fixed categories of identity.
Alignment of Social-Emotional Well-being Programs with NEP 2020: A Case Study of Secondary Schools
This paper explores the integration of Social and Emotional Well-Being (SEWB) in Indian school education through the lens of global frameworks and indigenous educational thought. Drawing from the “Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL)” framework and insights from Indian philosophers like Jiddu Krishnamurti, the study highlights five key dimensions of SEWB: “self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.” A qualitative inquiry was conducted using semi-structured interviews with teachers and students across select schools, complemented by a review of curricular policies such as NCERT’s National Curriculum Framework (2005, 2023) and CBSE initiatives. The findings reveal that while SEWB is recognized as critical for holistic development, classroom practices often remain limited due to curriculum overload, lack of trained counsellors, and insufficient teacher preparation. However, promising practices such as mindfulness activities, group discussions, and peer collaboration were observed to enhance empathy, resilience, and stress regulation among students. The study underscores the urgent need to institutionalize SEWB within formal education through teacher training, scalable models, and community participation. By bridging theoretical perspectives with classroom realities, the paper argues that prioritizing SEWB can foster not only academic achievement but also social harmony and ethical citizenship in India’s rapidly changing educational landscape.
Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): A real stimulator of Small Businesses in India: A Study
A trust, namely Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE), is formed by the ministry of MSME, GOI and Small Industrial Development Bank of India in July 2000 to provide guarantees in respect of credit facilities provided by lending institutions without any collateral securities/ third party guarantees to the new MSMEs. Primary objective was to solve the problem of bankability of new SMEs as they do not have strong capital base and lack of credit facilities due to collateral securities etc. A total of over 43 lakh guarantees has been accorded approval for Rs. 2.22 lakh crore by CGTMSE trust cumulatively over the last 20 years (Public Accounts Committee, 2021-22, Forty fourth Report) since its inception. Union Finance Minister made a provision with an infusion of Rs 9,000 crore to the corpus for the revamping of the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro & Small Enterprises with effect from 01.04.2023, to enable additional collateral-free guaranteed credit of Rs. 2 lakh crore and the reduction in the cost of the credit by about 1 per cent (Union Budget 2023-24). In our study we intended to see the role of the CGTMSE in the number of accounts guarantees and borrowed funds sanctioned under the Credit Guarantee Fund scheme for new MSME; the approved fund; slab-wise sanctioned fund in different states under different schemes of CGTMSE in 2023-24. We also want to look at the real scenario of registered MLI; different banks as MLIs in terms of the amount sanctioned under different scheme and also to observe the Position of top NBFCs as MLIs during FY 2023-24.
Study Effectiveness of Training Programme on Scientific Awareness of Laboratory Equipment among Upper Primary School Students
Scientific awareness among upper primary school students is crucial for developing a strong foundation in science education. However, limited exposure to laboratory equipment and inadequate practical training often hinder conceptual understanding. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured training programme on enhancing scientific awareness of laboratory equipment among upper primary school students. A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design was adopted. The sample consisted of 60 students from Class VII and VIII, selected through purposive sampling from two government schools in Gujarat. A Scientific Awareness Test (SAT) consisting of 30 multiple-choice and practical-identification items was developed and validated by experts (CVI = 0.94). The training programme, conducted over four weeks, involved demonstrations, hands-on activities, safety practices, and interactive discussions about 15 common laboratory instruments. Pre-test and post-test scores were analyzed using paired-sample t-test. Results indicated a significant improvement in mean scores from 14.25 (SD = 3.82) in the pre-test to 23.87 (SD = 2.94) in the post-test (t = 15.72, p < 0.01), suggesting a substantial positive effect of the intervention. The findings highlight the importance of experiential learning in science education. The study recommends integrating such training modules into the regular curriculum to improve practical skills and foster scientific curiosity among school students.
Gender Based study of Space-Related Aptitude among Higher Secondary Students
The present study aimed to assess the Space Related Aptitude (SRA) of higher secondary students and to examine whether gender differences exist in spatial reasoning ability. A total of 2,640 students (1,355 boys and 1,285 girls) from Gujarati medium higher secondary schools participated in the study. The Space Related Aptitude Test (SRAT), developed and standardized for this research, measured skills such as mental rotation, cube unfolding, mirror image identification, and embedded figure recognition. Descriptive statistics revealed a mean score of 15.66 (SD = 2.90) on a maximum possible score of 20, with a slight negative skew (–0.323) and mild platykurtosis (–0.447), indicating an approximately normal distribution of scores. Frequency distribution analysis showed that the majority of students scored between 13 and 17, reflecting moderate to high spatial reasoning ability across the sample. An independent samples t-test was conducted to compare SRA scores by gender. Results indicated no statistically significant difference between boys (M = 15.63, SD = 2.85) and girls (M = 15.69, SD = 2.94), t(2638) = –0.534, p = 0.594, suggesting that spatial aptitude is not influenced by gender in this population. These findings support the view that spatial skills are not inherently gender-biased and can be developed equally in both boys and girls when given similar learning opportunities. The study recommends implementing gender-neutral pedagogical approaches and integrating spatial reasoning activities into the school curriculum to foster aptitude development in all students.
Role and Status of women in Tribal Society: A Study of Galo tribe of Arunachal Pradesh
Women constituted about 50 percent of the country’s population. However, they are the largest excluded category in almost all aspects. They have been denied their rights and liberties by the male dominated Indian society for which their social, economic and political status has remained relatively low. For centuries they have been discriminated in all walks of life and treated as “second class citizens”. However, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. 1992 opened a new chapter in the history of democratic decentralization in India by devolving power to the people and gives opportunities to women folk to participate actively in the decision-making process. Under this new provision, a new type of leadership in the form of women have emerged on the scene, as the Act provides for reservation of seats for women in all the three tiers of Panchayati Raj Institutions. Not only have they emerged as Gram Panchayat, but also in Anchal Samiti and Zila Parishad. But, how far the constitutional provisions have been translated into reality? Hence, this paper is an attempt to measure the role and status of women and the extent of their participation in the decision-making process.
The Opium and the Absurd: An analysis of Existentialism and Escapism in Tamil cinema
This paper explores the philosophical and sociological functions of popular South Indian cinema, with a specific focus on the most-viewed Tamil films on YouTube. It argues that this media landscape operates with a dual ideological purpose. On one hand, many films serve as a form of "capitalist opium," providing escapist utopian fantasies that offer cathartic relief from real-world struggles, thereby pacifying audiences and discouraging collective action. Through narratives of a single, heroic figure solving complex societal problems, these films reinforce a status quo that can be detrimental to genuine social change. On the other hand, the study demonstrates that a significant number of films, despite their popular appeal, also engage with profound existentialist and nihilistic themes. Through a qualitative textual analysis of films such as Sivaji: The Boss, Kaala, Aaranya Kaandam, and Kattradhu Thamizh, this research reveals how these narratives grapple with concepts like the Absurd, the "leap of faith," and the rejection of meaning. The paper concludes that contemporary South Indian cinema is a complex cultural artifact that simultaneously functions as an ideological tool of a consumerist society and as a vital space for philosophical inquiry into the human condition.
Restoration of Moral Values in the Contemporary Education System: An Analytical Study in the Context of Ancient Indian Educational Philosophy and the Modern Era
This research paper is based on the need to restore moral values in the contemporary education system. It analyzes the ancient Indian education system, particularly the Gurukul system and the principles of Vedic education. The study clarifies how ancient Indian education emphasized morality and character building, and explores ways in which these principles can be reinstated in the modern education system. The research establishes that moral education is not only the foundation of personal development but also plays a significant role in the overall upliftment of society. Abstract in Hindi Language: यह शोध पत्र समकालीन शिक्षा प्रणाली में नैतिक मूल्यों के पुनर्स्थापन की आवश्यकता पर आधारित है। इसमें प्राचीन भारतीय शिक्षा प्रणाली, विशेष रूप से गुरुकुल प्रणाली और वैदिक शिक्षा के सिद्धांतों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। यह शोध यह स्पष्ट करता है कि कैसे भारतीय प्राचीन शिक्षा में नैतिकता और चरित्र निर्माण पर जोर दिया जाता था और किस प्रकार इन सिद्धांतों को आधुनिक शिक्षा प्रणाली में पुनः स्थापित किया जा सकता है। यह अध्ययन यह साबित करता है कि नैतिक शिक्षा केवल व्यक्तिगत विकास का आधार नहीं है, बल्कि समाज के संपूर्ण उत्थान में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। Keywords: प्राचीन भारतीय शिक्षा, गुरुकुल प्रणाली, वैदिक शिक्षा, नैतिक शिक्षा, चरित्र निर्माण
A study on the self-study habits of 12th grade students
The purpose of the present research was related to the health habits of students studying in the twelfth standard. Therefore, the objectives were formulated accordingly and gender was taken as an independent variable. A sample was randomly selected by formulating a hypothesis in accordance with the purpose. In which 300 characters, 150 boys and 150 girls, were included in the sample. Data was collected based on the standardized health habits research instrument developed by Dr. B. V. Patel. The data obtained was analyzed by t-test. From this, it was found that there was a significant difference in the health habits of boys and girls among students studying in the twelfth standard. In which the number of girls in the level (B) of good health habits of girls compared to boys was found to be 3. Also, the highest number of boys and girls was found in the level (D) below normal.
Structure and Effectiveness of Self-Learning Material for Difficult Units of the Topic Basic Principles of Nomenclature in Class 11
In the present era, the development of relevant and self-learning–oriented educational material has become essential to enhance the quality of education. Particularly in higher secondary-level science subjects, some units are complex and difficult for students to understand, which directly affects their academic performance. The aim of this research is to design self-learning material (SLM) for the difficult units of the topic “Basic Principles of Nomenclature” in Class 11 and to evaluate its effectiveness. The study adopted a combined descriptive and experimental approach. In the first phase, difficult units of the topic were identified through surveys and discussions with teachers and students. In the second phase, these units were developed into self-learning modules using simple language, examples, charts, illustrated presentations, and activity-based learning resources. In the third phase, the modules were implemented with a selected sample group, and their effectiveness was assessed through pre-tests and post-tests. The analysis revealed that students who used the self-learning material showed significant improvement in understanding the subject, conceptual clarity, and examination performance. From an educational perspective, the material not only facilitated knowledge acquisition but also strengthened self-confidence, time management, and independent learning habits. The research clearly indicates that developing student-centered, visually rich, and activity-based self-learning material for difficult units plays a positive role in academic success. This study serves as a guide for educators, curriculum developers, and schools, especially when attempting to teach challenging topics in a simple, engaging, and student-centered manner. Abstract in Gujarati Language: વર્તમાન યુગમાં શિક્ષણની ગુણવત્તા વધારવા માટે શૈક્ષણિક સાહિત્યનું પ્રાસંગિક અને સ્વયંઅભ્યાસને પ્રોત્સાહિત કરતું વિકાસ કાર્ય અતિ આવશ્યક બન્યું છે. ખાસ કરીને ઉચ્ચ માધ્યમિક કક્ષાના વિજ્ઞાનવિષયોમાં કેટલાક એકમો વિદ્યાર્થી માટે જટિલ અને સમજવા મુશ્કેલ હોય છે, જેના કારણે તેમના શૈક્ષણિક પ્રદર્શન પર સીધી અસર પડે છે. આ સંશોધનનો હેતુ ધોરણ ૧૧ના "નામાનાં મૂળતત્ત્વો" વિષયના કઠિન એકમો માટે સ્વ–અધ્યયન સાહિત્ય (Self-Learning Material) નું સંરચન તથા તેની અસરકારકતા માપવાનું છે. સંશોધનમાં વર્ણનાત્મક તથા પ્રયોગાત્મક સંયુક્ત અભિગમ અપનાવવામાં આવ્યો. પ્રથમ તબક્કામાં શિક્ષકો અને વિદ્યાર્થીઓ પાસેથી સર્વે તથા ચર્ચા દ્વારા વિષયના કઠિન એકમોની ઓળખ કરવામાં આવી. બીજા તબક્કામાં આ એકમોને સરળ ભાષા, દૃષ્ટાંત, ચાર્ટ, સચિત્ર પ્રસ્તુતિ અને પ્રવૃત્તિ આધારિત અભ્યાસસામગ્રી વડે સ્વ–અધ્યયન મોડ્યુલ તરીકે વિકસાવવામાં આવ્યા. ત્રીજા તબક્કામાં પસંદ કરેલા નમૂના સમૂહ પર આ મોડ્યુલ અમલમાં મૂકીને પ્રી-ટેસ્ટ અને પોસ્ટ-ટેસ્ટ દ્વારા પ્રભાવકારિતા આંકવામાં આવી. વિશ્લેષણમાં જણાયું કે સ્વ–અધ્યયન સાહિત્યનો ઉપયોગ કરનાર વિદ્યાર્થીઓએ વિષયની સમજ, સંકલ્પના સ્પષ્ટતા, અને પરીક્ષા પ્રદર્શનના મામલે નોંધપાત્ર સુધારો દર્શાવ્યો. શૈક્ષણિક દૃષ્ટિએ આ સાહિત્યે માત્ર જ્ઞાનપ્રાપ્તિ જ નહિ પરંતુ આત્મવિશ્વાસ, સમય વ્યવસ્થાપન તથા સ્વયંઅભ્યાસની આદતોને પણ મજબૂત કરી. સંશોધનથી સ્પષ્ટ થાય છે કે કઠિન એકમો માટે વિદ્યાર્થીઓ કેન્દ્રિત, ચિત્રાત્મક અને ગતિવિધિ આધારિત સ્વ–અધ્યયન સામગ્રીનું સંરચન શૈક્ષણિક સફળતામાં સકારાત્મક ભૂમિકા ભજવે છે. આ અભ્યાસ શિક્ષણવિદો, પાઠ્યક્રમ નિર્માતાઓ તથા શાળાઓ માટે માર્ગદર્શકરૂપ છે, ખાસ કરીને જ્યારે કઠિન વિષયોને સરળ, રસપ્રદ અને વિદ્યાર્થી-કેન્દ્રિત રીતે શીખવવાના પ્રયાસો કરવામાં આવે છે. Keywords: Self-Learning Material, કઠિન એકમો, નામાનાં મૂળતત્ત્વો, સ્વયંઅભ્યાસ, ઉચ્ચ માધ્યમિક શિક્ષણ
The Bystander Effect: A Comparative Look at Online and Offline Worlds (From year 2020 to 2025)
The bystander effect is a well-known concept in social psychology. It describes how people are often less likely to step in and help during emergencies when others are present. Traditionally explored in face-to-face settings, this phenomenon has taken on new meaning with the rise of online interactions. This review takes a closer look at how core psychological processes behind the bystander effect play out differently in digital spaces. Elements like anonymity, the absence of social cues, and the massive potential audience online make a difference. The paper compares online and offline dynamics, explores key influencing factors such as fear of retaliation and platform design, and suggests context-based solutions. It calls for more interdisciplinary research to help address the modern complexities of this age-old social issue.
Agrarian life and Sacred Ecology: Exploring Religion, Ritual, and Farming in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh
This paper explores the intersection of agricultural lifestyle, ritual practices, and ecological traditions in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh. The study reveals the parallel existence of agricultural resilience through practices rooted in the local traditions of worshipping local deities, seasonal ceremonies, and sacred groves. The study also looks into the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and its support for sustainable agriculture. Bundelkhand’s agrarian distress is largely an outcome of loss of sustainable agricultural practices, soil degradation, and shortfall of rain. These factors have increased the relevance of community-based responses. The paper is an ethnographic study based on field work across six villages distributed evenly in three districts of Bundelkhand region. The paper employs qualitative methods to get an in-depth understanding of the local narratives related to spirituality and its connection with the agrarian lifestyle. The findings reveal that traditional ecological knowledge and the spiritual connotations of rural life contribute substantially in sustaining the agrarian economy. The paper contributes to a broader theme of agro ecology, a de-colonised understanding of Indian rural society by critically analysing the interface between material agrarian concerns and the cosmological aspect of religious life in the global south.
Ukraine-Russia Crisis and Forced Displacement: Humanitarian Assistance of World Community
It is agreed that the Europe has seen the largest conventional military attack since the World War II in the form of Russian invasion to Ukraine. Since the formation of Ukraine in 1991, it has always been a common area of interest between the NATO bloc and Russia. After a series of very eventful timeline Russia launched full scale invasion of Ukraine on 24th February 2022 naming it a “Special Military Operation”. This article gives a critical understanding of forced displacement that is happening in Ukraine due this invasion. The study also highlights the humanitarian measures those are taken by the world community to provide some sort of humanitarian assistance to the war living people of Ukraine.
Operation Sindoor's Long-term Impact on India-Pakistan Relations: Continuity of Hostility or Emergence of New Equations?
Operation Sindoor, a targeted military operation conducted by the Indian Army in 2025 against cross-border terrorism, represents a pivotal turning point in the context of India-Pakistan relations. This research paper analyzes the long-term implications of this military action, particularly in light of the question of whether it intensified hostilities or created possibilities for new equations of cooperation. Utilizing the Realist and Liberal theories of international relations, this study highlights the triangular effects of diplomacy, public opinion, and military strategy. The research concludes that Operation Sindoor redefined India's military assertiveness on a global scale, while causing strategic discomfort for Pakistan. In this context, the prospects for bilateral dialogue diminished, and a new perspective on regional power balance emerged. This paper explores whether a lasting peace is possible after this operation, or whether India-Pakistan relations have entered a new permanent phase of hostility. This study offers a significant contribution to policy perspectives and strategic discourse. Abstract in Hindi Language: ऑपरेशन सिंदूर, जिसे 2025 में भारतीय सेना द्वारा सीमा पार आतंकवाद के विरुद्ध एक लक्षित सैन्य कार्रवाई के रूप में अंजाम दिया गया, भारत-पाकिस्तान संबंधों के संदर्भ में एक निर्णायक मोड़ प्रस्तुत करता है। यह शोधपत्र इस सैन्य कार्रवाई के दीर्घकालिक प्रभावों का विश्लेषण करता है, विशेष रूप से इस प्रश्न के आलोक में कि क्या इसने शत्रुता को और प्रबल किया या सहयोग के नए समीकरणों की संभावनाएं उत्पन्न कीं। रियलिस्ट और लिबरल अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध सिद्धांतों के माध्यम से विश्लेषण करते हुए, यह अध्ययन कूटनीति, जनमत, और सैन्य रणनीति के त्रिकोणीय प्रभावों को उजागर करता है। शोध से यह निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि ऑपरेशन सिंदूर ने भारत की सैन्य सक्रियता को वैश्विक स्तर पर पुनर्परिभाषित किया, वहीं पाकिस्तान के लिए यह रणनीतिक असहजता का कारण बना। इस संदर्भ में, द्विपक्षीय संवाद की संभावनाएं क्षीण हुईं और क्षेत्रीय शक्ति-संतुलन का नया परिप्रेक्ष्य उभरा। यह शोध इस बात की पड़ताल करता है कि इस कार्रवाई के पश्चात क्या कोई स्थायी शांति संभव है, या फिर भारत-पाकिस्तान संबंध शत्रुता की एक नई स्थायी अवस्था में प्रवेश कर चुके हैं। यह अध्ययन नीतिगत दृष्टिकोणों और रणनीतिक विमर्श के लिए एक महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान प्रस्तुत करता है। Keywords: ऑपरेशन सिंदूर, भारत-पाकिस्तान संबंध, सीमा पार आतंकवाद, सैन्य रणनीति