Research Review Journal of Social Science
type: channel
description: हिंदी में पढ़ें | ગુજરાતી માટે ક્લિક કરો UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals The Research Review Journal of Social Science (RRJSS) is an international, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal dedicated to the advancement of research in the fields of Social Sciences and Humanities. Established in the year 2021, the journal provides a credible and inclusive platform for academicians, researchers, and scholars from India and across the globe to publish high-quality and original research work. RRJSS publishes research articles, review articles, and short communications that contribute to theoretical, empirical, and interdisciplinary perspectives. The journal follows a rigorous double-blind peer review process to ensure academic integrity, originality, and adherence to ethical publishing standards, while also offering timely and efficient publication. To promote global knowledge exchange and wider dissemination of research, RRJSS accepts manuscripts in English, Hindi, and Gujarati, making scholarly work accessible to diverse academic communities. As an open-access journal, RRJSS ensures unrestricted worldwide access to all published content. The journal welcomes submissions from international authors, universities, research institutions, and academic organizations, encouraging cross-cultural research, comparative studies, and global academic collaboration. Journal Information Title: Research Review Journal of Social Science (RRJSS) Year of Start: 2021 Frequency of Publication: Bi-Annual (Two Issues per Year) ISSN (Online): 2583-2867 Peer Review Process: Double-Blind Peer Review Subject Areas: Social Sciences and Humanities Languages: English, Hindi, Gujarati Indexing: Google Scholar Accessibility: Open Access Plagiarism Detection: Turnitin (Licensed) Publication Format: Online Contact Details Contact No.: +91 93284 90029 Email: editor@rrjournals.co.in Website: https://rrjournals.co.in/ Address: 15/B, Kalyan Nagar Society, Fire Brigade Road, Outside…
publisher: RESEARCH REVIEW PUBLICATION Registration No. UDYAM-GJ-14-0031580
language: en
publication name: Research Review Journal of Social Science
issn: 2583-2867
items: Gender and Sex: A Sociological Mapping
items: Healthcare, Citizenship and Social Inclusion - A Sociological Analysis of Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY)
items: Indianness and the quest for identity in V. S. Naipaul's A House for Mr Biswas
items: Knowledge-Intensive Service Industries, Capital Deepening and Labor Productivity in India: Evidence from an Endogenous Growth Framework
items: Impact of Organizational Climate on Leadership Effectiveness and Job Satisfaction Among Secondary School Principals
items: Urban Family, Sanitation, and Public Health: A Sociological Review of Contemporary India
items: Sustainable Development with Special Study of Himachal Pradesh
items: Coming-of-Age Narratives in North-East Indian Women’s English Fiction: A Review of Literature on Female Bildungsroman and Gendered Identity
items: Forging Unity through Education: Vallabhbhai Patel’s views on the role of education in the unity of India
items: Strategic Autonomy of India’s Foreign Policy: Contemporary Problems and Challenges
items: Prevalence and Determinants of Malaria among Older Adults in India: An Analysis of Socio-demographic and Household Variables using LASI, Wave-1, 2017-18
items: Transgender Discourse and Human Rights in Hindi Novels Centered on the Transgender Community
items: PRI and SHG Convergence: A Conceptual Analysis of Grassroots Governance and Economic Empowerment in Rural India
items: The Role of Feminised Grassroots Governance in COVID-19 Mitigation: A Study of Odisha’s SHG–PRI Institutional Convergence
items: School Dropout and Child Labour: A Study of Ragpicking Children in Malisahi, Bhubaneswar
items: The Pivotal Role of the Probation Officer in the Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration of Children in Conflict with Law in India: The Reformative Mandate
items: Women, Kinship and Power: A Comparative Study of Garo Matrilineal and Zeme Naga Patrilineal Systems in Northeast India
items: Print Culture and the Politics of Marginalisation: Contesting Gentility in Nineteenth-Century Calcutta
items: The Dialectics of State Sovereignty: Legitimacy, Technological Transformation, and the Limits of Authority
items: An Integrated Analysis Sleep Quality and Nutritional Habits as Predictors of Body Composition among Young Athletes
items: Concept of Developed India: With Special Reference to Mahatma Gandhi’s Constructive Programme
items: Grassroots Democracy and Minority Voices: Political Representation in West Bengal (2000–2024)
items: Enhancing Communication Skills as a Key to 21st Century Skills among Middle Stage Students through Innovative Pedagogies-A Study
items: The Four-year Integrated B. Ed Programme: A theoretical Review of NEP 2020
items: Khudi as Self-Awareness: A Study of Iqbal’s Philosophy of the Self
items: The Evolution of Niskama Karma in Indian Ethical Traditions: From Vedic Texts to the Bhagavad Gita
items: Nationalism and Its Discontents: A Critical Interpretation of Rabindranath Tagore’s Ghare-Baire
items: The Role of Family, Community, and Social Networks in Shaping Educational Experiences: A Sociological Study
items: Nationalism And Freedom: Reinterpreting Mahatma Gandhi And B.R Ambedkar in Contemporary Political Theory
items: Tagore’s Vision of Universal Humanity: A Study of His Humanistic Philosophy

Gender and Sex: A Sociological Mapping
type: item
description: This paper, largely based on conceptual and theoretical orientations, addresses two relevant perspectives that is gender and sex through the disciplines of biology and sociology. It is argued that gender and sex are ambiguous as far as both disciplines are concerned. Gender is used in this context as an analytical tool to comprehend social facts pertaining to women and men whereas sex refers to physical differences of the human body. The former is socially constructed and the latter is biologically determined. In this connection, an attempt for this paper is made to focus on how gender and sex are differentiated from each other socially and naturally. It is then gender socialisation and gender role remain imperative for sexes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender
  topic: keywords
subject: Sex
  topic: keywords
subject: masculine
  topic: keywords
subject: feminine
  topic: keywords
subject: socialisation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ram Jitendra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 57
ending page: 62
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.006

Healthcare, Citizenship and Social Inclusion - A Sociological Analysis of Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY)
type: item
description: When Ayushman Bharat was launched in 2018, it was described as the world’s largest government-funded health insurance programme. That description is factually accurate. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) component covers over 12 crore households, offers cashless hospitalisation cover of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year, and has — according to the National Health Authority dashboard — already authorised over 6.8 crore hospital admissions and over ₹85,000 crore in claims. This paper tries to look at what all of this has actually meant for social inclusion in India. Drawing on NHA dashboards, PM-JAY annual reports, MoHFW policy documents and a range of sociological research, it attempts to go beyond the numbers to ask: who is genuinely benefiting, and who is still being left out? The findings are, as one might expect, mixed. The scheme has done really good. It has also reproduced some old inequalities in new forms, particularly around urban-rural hospital clustering, biometric authentication failures at kiosks, and the very real difficulty that many rural women face in physically accessing empanelled hospitals even when they hold a valid card. The paper closes with some practical policy suggestions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ayushman Bharat
  topic: keywords
subject: Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)
  topic: keywords
subject: Universal Health Coverage
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Insurance
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Inclusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Suraj Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 63
ending page: 70
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.007

Indianness and the quest for identity in V. S. Naipaul's A House for Mr Biswas
type: item
description: The concept of Indianness occupies a central position in V. S. Naipaul's novels. Although he was born in Trinidad, a Caribbean island country, Naipaul inherited a deep Indian cultural legacy from ancestors who migrated as indentured labourers. His father was an unpaid labourer on a sugarcane farm. In A House for Mr Biswas (1961), Naipaul depicts Mohun Biswas, an Indo-Trinidadian character seeking to establish his identity in a colonial, culturally fragmented society. This paper explores Naipaul's representation of Indianness through family traditions, religious practices, cultural memory, and the pursuit of self-awareness. It contends that Indianness in the novel functions not merely as a hereditary attribute but as a dynamic force shaping the protagonist's consciousness and quest for belonging.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indianness
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Diaspora
  topic: keywords
subject: V. S. Naipaul
  topic: keywords
subject: A House for Mr Biswas
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Memory
  topic: keywords
creator: Jitendra Kumar Yadav
creator: K. N. Yadav
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-26
publication date: 2026-06-26
starting page: 95
ending page: 97
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.010

Knowledge-Intensive Service Industries, Capital Deepening and Labor Productivity in India: Evidence from an Endogenous Growth Framework
type: item
description: The knowledge-intensive service industries (KISI’s) have revolutionized the economy by bringing about knowledge, innovations, and human capital as major factors of production in productivity growth and economic development. In India, the service sector accounts for more than fifty percent of Gross Value Added (GVA), with some important sectors being Information and Communication, Financial and Insurance Activities, and Professional, Scientific and Technical Services which are becoming increasingly important in technological innovation and development. Taking into consideration the concept of endogenous growth theory, the current study examines the significance of knowledge-based service sectors for the growth in labour productivity in India, focusing mainly on the dimensions of capital deepening, capital structure, and labour skill levels. The labour productivity is estimated using the ratio of value-added per labour unit employed. The capital stock, capital composition index, and labour quality index can be seen as key independent variables for the present research work. Data has been collected from the database of India KLEMS. Various statistical methods like descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis will be applied in this study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Knowledge-Intensive Service Industries
  topic: keywords
subject: Labour Productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Capital Deepening
  topic: keywords
subject: Composition
  topic: keywords
subject: Endogenous Growth Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Sulabha Sharma
creator: Rajesh Pal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 71
ending page: 86
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.008

Impact of Organizational Climate on Leadership Effectiveness and Job Satisfaction Among Secondary School Principals
type: item
description: This study looks at how organizational environment affects secondary school admins work satisfaction and effectiveness as leaders. Within schools, organizational environment affects their leadership behavior, cooperation, communication, and trust. A positive school atmosphere helps principals to perform their administrative duties efficiently. In this study, 50 secondary school principals were chosen at random. Questionnaires were sent to them and data was collected. After this, this data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and percentage analysis. The findings showed a favorable relationship between ‘organizational climate’, ‘job satisfaction’ and ‘leadership effectiveness’. Where ever, principals working in supportive contexts, a higher level of professional satisfaction and leadership performance improvement was observed. As per this study's findings, improving organizational environment can improve administrators and their school performance positively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organizational Climate
  topic: keywords
subject: Administrative Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary School Principals
  topic: keywords
subject: Government and Private Secondary Schools
  topic: keywords
subject: Leadership Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: job satisfaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Chhaya Gupta
creator: Nitu Maan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 87
ending page: 94
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.009

Urban Family, Sanitation, and Public Health: A Sociological Review of Contemporary India
type: item
description: Rapid urbanization has transformed the social structure, living conditions, and health profiles of families in India. Despite improvements in sanitation infrastructure and public health policies, disparities in access to hygienic living environments continue to affect urban households, particularly among economically and socially marginalized populations. This review paper examines the interrelationship between family structure, sanitation practices, and public health from a sociological perspective. Drawing upon national and international literature, the paper explores how family characteristics, socioeconomic status, gender relations, cultural norms, and urban governance shape sanitation behaviour and health outcomes. It also critically evaluates major government initiatives and identifies existing research gaps. The review concludes that sustainable urban health depends not only on infrastructure development but also on strengthening family-based behavioural change, community participation, and socially inclusive public policies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urban Family
  topic: keywords
subject: Sanitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: Sociology
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Onima Sharma
creator: Satyam Dwivedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30
starting page: 62
ending page: 69
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2023.v03.n01.009

Sustainable Development with Special Study of Himachal Pradesh
type: item
description: Sustainable development is a balanced idea of development. It does not reject economic growth, but it insists that growth should not destroy nature, public health, social justice and the rights of future generations. In India, sustainable development has received constitutional and judicial recognition through Article 21, Article 48A and Article 51A(g) of the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court has also treated sustainable development as part of Indian environmental law. Himachal Pradesh is an important state for the study of sustainable development because it is a Himalayan state with rich forests, rivers, biodiversity, tourism potential and hydropower resources. At the same time, it is ecologically fragile and vulnerable to landslides, floods, cloudbursts, forest degradation, unplanned construction and climate change. This article studies the meaning, legal basis and practical importance of sustainable development with special reference to Himachal Pradesh. It argues that Himachal Pradesh needs a mountain-sensitive model of development based on ecological protection, disaster-resilient planning, responsible tourism, strict environmental regulation and local community participation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: Himachal Pradesh
  topic: keywords
subject: environment
  topic: keywords
subject: climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: hydropower
  topic: keywords
subject: forests
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional law
  topic: keywords
creator: Karan Singh Guleria
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 443
ending page: 451
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n01.050

Coming-of-Age Narratives in North-East Indian Women’s English Fiction: A Review of Literature on Female Bildungsroman and Gendered Identity
type: item
description: This review of literature examines major scholarly contributions on North-East Indian women’s English writing with particular emphasis on the works of Easterine Kire, Anjum Hasan, Daisy Hasan, Daribha Lyndem, and Malsawmi Jacob. The study explores how selected novels represent women’s experiences through themes of gender, identity, memory, trauma, belonging, and cultural negotiation. Existing scholarship highlights the significance of tribal and matrilineal contexts, collective memory, political conflict, and the relationship between individual and community identities. The review further demonstrates the relevance of feminist theory, postcolonial studies, cultural identity theory, trauma studies, and intersectionality in understanding these narratives. Special attention is given to the female Bildungsroman, which presents coming-of-age as a multidimensional process shaped by social, cultural, historical, and emotional factors. The review identifies important research gaps, including the lack of comparative studies, limited use of interdisciplinary approaches, and insufficient attention to empowerment and policy concerns. It establishes the rationale for a comparative study of six novels and highlights their relevance to issues of gender justice, education, cultural preservation, and social inclusion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bildungsroman
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender
  topic: keywords
subject: Memory
  topic: keywords
subject: Trauma
  topic: keywords
subject: Empowerment
  topic: keywords
creator: Jagdish Gupta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 19
ending page: 36
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.003

Forging Unity through Education: Vallabhbhai Patel’s views on the role of education in the unity of India
type: item
description: Education is vital for any society to run democratically and strengthen the nation's foundation. Education helps improve people's lives by enabling them to understand their rights and participate in the political system. Education plays a key role in the all-round development of people and makes society a better place by fostering critical thinking, promoting social cohesion, and empowering individuals to contribute positively to their communities, which in turn supports the democratic values that leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel championed during the unification of India. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the architects of modern India and played a central role in the unification of the states within India's boundaries. Patel believed in an education system that instills patriotic values in children. Patel believed in an education system that would instill a sense of national unity among the young generation and promote the nation's integration. Patel wanted an education system accessible to all, regardless of gender. This paper explores Patel’s views on education in post-colonial India’s nation-building and national unity. This paper also scrutinises Patel's critical and under-examined views on the type of education system India should adopt. Still, this paper will explore his views on the role of education in developing a new independent India. This paper will examine his ideas regarding the role of education in promoting India's unity, social justice, and development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vallabhbhai Patel
  topic: keywords
subject: Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Unity & Integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Vipin Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 12
ending page: 18
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.002

Strategic Autonomy of India’s Foreign Policy: Contemporary Problems and Challenges
type: item
description: India has emerged as one of the fastest growing major economies in the world in the twenty first century. With the continued expansion of its economy base, several estimates suggest that India could become the world’s third largest economy by 2031. However, despite sustained economic growth, the realization of the vision of a developed India by 2047 largely depends on how effectively the country responds to emerging security challenges. These new-age threats not only affect national security but also test India’s strategic autonomy and its ability to make independent decisions in global affairs. In this article, three key issue areas are examined: the Asian nuclear dilemma, climate change and energy security, and the geopolitics of international trade. Each of these emerging security concerns has significant implications for the strategic autonomy of India’s foreign policy. The article argues that an assertive and timely response by Indian foreign policy to these challenges will strengthen India’s strategic autonomy, which is essential for achieving the vision of a developed nation by 2047.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Strategic autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Nuclear dilemma
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy security
  topic: keywords
subject: Transport corridors
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajnish Saryal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 01
ending page: 11
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.001

Prevalence and Determinants of Malaria among Older Adults in India: An Analysis of Socio-demographic and Household Variables using LASI, Wave-1, 2017-18
type: item
description: Background and objectives: Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Despite control efforts, it remains a major public health concern, especially among older adults. This study examines the prevalence and socio-demographic and household determinants of malaria among older adults in India using LASI Wave-1 (2017–18). Methods: This study used data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave-1 (2017–18), including 72,270 adults aged 45 years and above. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of socio-demographic and household factors with malaria Results: Malaria prevalence was higher in rural (9.2%) than urban areas (3.7%). Alcohol consumption was associated with higher odds of malaria in urban areas (AOR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.61–2.06). In rural areas, individuals in the richest wealth quintile had higher odds of malaria (AOR: 1.33). Households with more than five members showed increased malaria risk in both rural (AOR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.15–1.39) and urban areas (AOR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.19–1.81). Scheduled Tribe (ST) populations had significantly higher odds of malaria in rural (AOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.45–1.95) and urban areas (AOR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.37–3.28). Additionally, kutcha housing, unimproved drinking water and sanitation facilities, and the use of unclean cooking fuel were associated with higher odds of malaria in both settings. Interpretation and conclusions: The study has identified the major Socio-demographic and housing factors associated with malaria. Higher malaria risk was observed among Scheduled Tribes, individuals living in kutcha houses, large households, and residents of high-burden states. Improving housing conditions, sanitation, access to clean water, and rural health infrastructure may help reduce malaria risk in this population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: LASI
  topic: keywords
subject: Determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-demographic
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural and urban
  topic: keywords
subject: malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Older Adults
  topic: keywords
creator: A K Sukumar
creator: K G Kallihal
creator: M S Kampli
creator: Jyoti S Hallad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 42
ending page: 56
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.005

Transgender Discourse and Human Rights in Hindi Novels Centered on the Transgender Community
type: item
description: Human rights are the inherent and universal rights of every individual, including the rights to life, equality, freedom, dignity, and equal opportunities for development. However, in the context of the transgender community, the actual realization of these rights often remains questionable. Due to social neglect, discrimination, and inequality, their lives are surrounded by numerous challenges. This reality has been sensitively portrayed in many Hindi novels. The characters in novels based on transgender discourse face physical, psychological, and social hardships, yet they continue to struggle for self-respect and identity. These works not only depict their suffering but also highlight their courage, resilience, and aspiration for liberation. Novels written on transgender lives in Hindi literature broaden social awareness and encourage readers to seriously reflect on issues such as human rights, equality, and social justice. Abstract in Hindi Language: मानवाधिकार प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के जन्मजात और सार्वभौमिक अधिकार हैं, जिनमें जीवन, समानता, स्वतंत्रता, सम्मान और विकास के समान अवसर शामिल हैं। किंतु किन्नर समुदाय के संदर्भ में इन अधिकारों की वास्तविक स्थिति अक्सर प्रश्नों के घेरे में दिखाई देती है। सामाजिक उपेक्षा, भेदभाव और असमानता के कारण उनका जीवन अनेक कठिनाइयों से घिरा रहता है। इसी यथार्थ को हिंदी के अनेक उपन्यासों ने संवेदनशीलता के साथ अभिव्यक्त किया है। किन्नर-विमर्श पर आधारित उपन्यासों के पात्र शारीरिक, मानसिक और सामाजिक कष्टों का सामना करते हुए भी आत्मसम्मान और अस्तित्व के लिए संघर्ष करते हैं। ये रचनाएँ केवल उनकी पीड़ा का चित्रण नहीं करतीं, बल्कि उनके साहस, संघर्षशीलता और मुक्ति की आकांक्षा को भी सामने लाती हैं। हिंदी साहित्य में किन्नर जीवन पर लिखे गए उपन्यास सामाजिक चेतना को विस्तृत करते हुए पाठकों को मानवाधिकार, समानता और सामाजिक न्याय जैसे प्रश्नों पर गंभीरता से विचार करने के लिए प्रेरित करते हैं। Keywords: किन्नर, मानवाधिकार, समानता, अस्तित्व, सामाजिक, पीड़ा, सम्मान, अधिकार।
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transgender
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Equality
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Social
  topic: keywords
subject: Suffering
  topic: keywords
subject: Dignity
  topic: keywords
subject: Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Aradhana Shaw
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 37
ending page: 41
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2026.v06.n01.004

PRI and SHG Convergence: A Conceptual Analysis of Grassroots Governance and Economic Empowerment in Rural India
type: item
description: The intersection of local self-governance and grassroots economic mobilization forms the cornerstone of sustainable rural development in contemporary India. This paper provides a rigorous conceptual analysis of the institutional convergence between Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Self-Help Groups (SHGs). While PRIs represent formal political decentralization mandated by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, SHGs embody informal socio-economic empowerment, primarily driving financial inclusion and gender mainstreaming through initiatives like the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM). Historically operating in silos, the symbiotic integration of these two pillars has emerged as a powerful mechanism for transforming rural landscapes. This study examines the theoretical frameworks underpinning this convergence, explores successful structural models across various Indian states (such as Kudumbashree in Kerala and the SHG-PRI convergence initiatives in Odisha), and critically analyzes the systemic barriers—including patriarchal resistance, role ambiguity, and institutional friction—that hinder seamless integration. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations to foster a more robust, institutionalized partnership, arguing that the PRI-SHG nexus is indispensable for achieving localized Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Democratic Decentralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Women Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Grassroots Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Kudumbashree
  topic: keywords
subject: Village Poverty Reduction Plan (VPRP)
  topic: keywords
creator: Swati Dash
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 68
ending page: 73
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n01.011

The Role of Feminised Grassroots Governance in COVID-19 Mitigation: A Study of Odisha’s SHG–PRI Institutional Convergence
type: item
description: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the urgent necessity of decentralised, community-based, and inclusive governance structures capable of responding to unprecedented humanitarian and public health emergencies. In India, Odisha emerged as one of the most significant examples of grassroots pandemic governance through the convergence of women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) under Mission Shakti and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). This article critically analyses the role of feminised grassroots governance in COVID-19 mitigation by examining the institutional convergence between SHGs and PRIs in Odisha. The study highlights how women’s collectives contributed significantly to mask production, community kitchens, migrant management, social awareness campaigns, doorstep delivery systems, financial inclusion, and rural welfare administration during the pandemic. The paper argues that Odisha’s experience demonstrates the transformative potential of gender-responsive local governance in strengthening democratic resilience, social trust, and crisis management. The study also discusses the challenges of unpaid care labour, gendered governance burdens, and institutional sustainability. The article concludes that Odisha’s SHG–PRI convergence provides an innovative governance model for future public health emergencies and decentralised development planning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Feminised governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Mission Shakti
  topic: keywords
subject: Odisha
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Panchayati Raj Institutions
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Help Groups
  topic: keywords
subject: women’s leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: grassroots democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: decentralised governance
  topic: keywords
subject: public health resilience
  topic: keywords
creator: Swati Dash
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 362
ending page: 369
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.038

School Dropout and Child Labour: A Study of Ragpicking Children in Malisahi, Bhubaneswar
type: item
description: Child labor and school dropout continue to pose significant difficulties to child development and social justice in India, especially for children residing in urban informal settlements. This study investigates the correlation between school dropout rates and child labor among ragpicking children in Malisahi, one of the oldest and most disadvantaged communities in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The research is based on a child rights framework and examines the interplay of poverty, social exclusion, educational deficit, and informal labor in influencing the lives of at-risk children. Despite considerable focus on child labor and educational exclusion in India, there is a paucity of empirical studies about ragpicking children in metropolitan Odisha, especially in populations grappling with severe poverty, migration, informal work, and social stigma. The research utilized a descriptive and exploratory design. Primary data were obtained from 40 child ragpickers via structured interviews, observations, and informal talks. Secondary information was sourced from government records, census publications, UNICEF and ILO reports, academic literature, and policy papers pertaining to child labor, education, and child rights. The analysis included basic statistical methods, including frequency and percentage distributions. The study illustrates that child labor among ragpicking youngsters is not just an economic concern but a reflection of systemic inequality, social isolation, and the infringement of fundamental rights. The study indicates that successful child protection necessitates a comprehensive strategy that integrates economic alleviation, educational assistance, social security, community awareness, family fortification, and child rights education. A transition from rescue-focused interventions to a rights-based and development-oriented paradigm is crucial to guarantee the educational engagement, dignity, and comprehensive development of at-risk urban children.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Child labor
  topic: keywords
subject: school dropout
  topic: keywords
subject: ragpicking children
  topic: keywords
subject: educational deprivation
  topic: keywords
subject: child rights
  topic: keywords
subject: social exclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: urban poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: informal settlements
  topic: keywords
subject: educational marginalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Geetanjali Naik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 370
ending page: 388
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.039

The Pivotal Role of the Probation Officer in the Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration of Children in Conflict with Law in India: The Reformative Mandate
type: item
description: Probation represents a fundamental shift in penal philosophy from a purely punitive model toward one centered on reformation and rehabilitation. This paper examines the multifaceted role of probation, particularly within the Indian Criminal and Juvenile Justice Systems, as a non-custodial alternative to imprisonment or institutionalization. The core premise of probation is that it offers offenders especially children in conflict with law, first-time offenders, and those who pose a minimal risk to society an opportunity to correct their behavior and reintegrate into the community as productive citizens. The Probation of Offenders Act (1958) and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act (2015) are highlighted as key legal instruments that embody this reformative approach. A central theme is the pivotal role of the Probation Officer. The paper details their extensive responsibilities, which extend far beyond mere supervision. Probation Officers are mandated to act as guides, mentors, and facilitators, preparing comprehensive Probation Reports and Social Investigation Reports (SIRs) that inform judicial decisions. These reports assess the offender’s background, circumstances, and potential for change, providing a critical basis for individualized treatment. Their duties include maintaining close contact with offenders and their families, linking them with community services and voluntary organizations, and participating in rehabilitation and pre-release programs. This work is not a "piecemeal" task but a continuous, complex process aimed at fostering self-sufficiency and ensuring the smooth social reintegration of the individual. Probation signifies an important evolution in penal philosophy, shifting from a primarily punitive orientation to one that prioritizes reformation and rehabilitation. This paper explores the diverse functions of probation especially within the Indian Criminal and Juvenile Justice Systems as a non custodial alternative to impris…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Probation
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Reformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Juvenile Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Children in Conflict with Law (CICL)
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Custodial
  topic: keywords
creator: Govind Beniwal
creator: Kanika Panwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 395
ending page: 404
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.041

Women, Kinship and Power: A Comparative Study of Garo Matrilineal and Zeme Naga Patrilineal Systems in Northeast India
type: item
description: The Garo tribe of Northeast India is among the limited communities in South Asia that practices a matrilineal kinship structure in which descent and assets are passed through women. In many respects this arrangement provides women with a comparatively higher social standing and financial stability than that observed in most patriarchal systems. Nonetheless ethnographic as well as modern research highlights a more intricate reality of matrilineal arrangements. The custom does not automatically result in genuine empowerment of Garo women. The Zeme Naga tribes of Northeast India in contrast exist within a patrilineal kinship structure where lineage and property are transferred through the male line of the household. This paper attempts to analyze the status of women in Garo matrilineal and Zeme Naga patrilineal systems by moving beyond inheritance rules to the lived realities of women. The study also discusses the institutions shaping matriliny and patriliny among the two tribes. It further examines the actual rights of women along with the cultural economic and social limitations that restrict those rights within their respective societies namely the Garos and Zeme Nagas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Garo
  topic: keywords
subject: Zeme Naga
  topic: keywords
subject: Matrilineal
  topic: keywords
subject: Patrilineal
  topic: keywords
subject: Women’s rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Nakaulang Nriame
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 389
ending page: 394
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.040

Print Culture and the Politics of Marginalisation: Contesting Gentility in Nineteenth-Century Calcutta
type: item
description: This article investigates the contested terrain of print culture in nineteenth‑century Calcutta, situating it within the broader debates on the Bengal Renaissance and colonial modernity. Traditionally, the Renaissance has been celebrated as a moment of intellectual awakening led by elite, English‑educated bhadralok reformers such as Rammohun Roy, William Carey, and their colonial interlocutors. Historiography from Jadunath Sarkar to David Kopf has often valorised this period as a rupture from the past, aligning it with European Renaissance ideals and the civilising mission of empire. Yet more recent scholarship, particularly that of Sumit Sarkar, has challenged this narrative, exposing its elitist biases, selective reforms, and complicity with caste hierarchies. Building on this critical turn, Anindita Ghosh’s Power in Print reorients the discussion by foregrounding plebeian print traditions, especially those emerging from Battala presses, which thrived despite elite attempts at cultural sanitisation. The paper argues that print culture in colonial Bengal was not a unilinear project of elite refinement but a contested field where marginalised voices—petty bhadralok, women, and poor Muslims—resisted erasure and reshaped literary modernity. Battala publications, often dismissed as “vulgar” or “polluting,” produced almanacs, romances, farces, and devotional texts in colloquial registers that reached diverse audiences across class, gender, and community. These works exposed the hypocrisies of bhadralok gentility, satirised elite pretensions, and valorised oral traditions. Women’s writings, expressed through meyeli bhasha and autobiographical accounts, challenged patriarchal silencing and asserted domestic idioms as legitimate literary registers. Muslim Bengali literature revived dobhashi Bangla, blending Perso‑Arabic vocabulary with Bengali and producing romances and puthi narratives that contested the Sanskritised Bengali promoted by elites. Together, these traditions …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bengal Renaissance
  topic: keywords
subject: Print Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Battala Publications
  topic: keywords
subject: Bhadralok Gentility
  topic: keywords
subject: Meyeli Bhasha
  topic: keywords
subject: Muslim Bengali Literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Marginalisation
  topic: keywords
creator: Trisha Haldar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 430
ending page: 442
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n01.049

The Dialectics of State Sovereignty: Legitimacy, Technological Transformation, and the Limits of Authority
type: item
description: This paper examines the theoretical foundations of state legitimacy and the evolving parameters of governmental power in the digital age. By synthesizing classical social contract theory with contemporary technological shifts, the study explores the tension between state intervention and individual autonomy. It argues that while state power is derived from the consent of the governed, its rightful exercise is strictly bounded by the distinction between self-regarding actions and social obligations. The paper further investigates how e-governance, surveillance, and global interconnectedness redefine the "smart state" and its role as a moral and legal arbiter.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Technological
  topic: keywords
subject: Limits of Authority
  topic: keywords
subject: e-governance
  topic: keywords
subject: surveillance
  topic: keywords
creator: Irfan Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 64
ending page: 67
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n01.010

An Integrated Analysis Sleep Quality and Nutritional Habits as Predictors of Body Composition among Young Athletes
type: item
description: Sleep and nutrition are critical components of athlete recovery and development. Emerging evidence suggests that inadequate sleep and suboptimal dietary practices contribute to unfavourable body composition profiles in youth athletes. This study investigated the relationship between sleep quality, nutrition habits, and body composition among competitive young athletes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 athletes (15-21 years). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), nutrition habits through a validated dietary assessment tool, and body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed. Forty-two percent of participants reported poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5). Sleep quality was negatively correlated with body fat percentage (r = -0.36, p <0.01) and positively correlated with lean body mass (r =0.29, p <0.05). Nutrition habits significantly predicted body composition (β =0.41, p <.001). The combined model explained 32% of variance in body fat percentage. Sleep quality and nutritional habits are significant predictors of body composition among young athletes. Structured sleep hygiene and sports nutrition interventions are recommended to optimize performance and health outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sleep quality
  topic: keywords
subject: sports nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: body fat percentage
  topic: keywords
subject: lean mass
  topic: keywords
subject: youth athletes
  topic: keywords
subject: recovery science
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajesh Bharti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 352
ending page: 361
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.037

Concept of Developed India: With Special Reference to Mahatma Gandhi’s Constructive Programme
type: item
description: The readiness of any work is determined by the determination inherent in an individual and their activities, because this is the factor whose initiatives decide the positive and negative direction of the work outcome. The Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizes, first and foremost, the objectives inherent in means and ends in order to strengthen the determination of individuals. In this, he not only stresses the workforce for achieving self-employment but also, through the constructive programme, connects one individual with others to form a positively unified group, which not only points out each other’s shortcomings but also improves them and fulfills the self-determined and self-employment-oriented objectives of the programme. In order to ensure that these objectives are fulfilled in the right direction, the initiative of Developed India 2047 is being undertaken even before the completion of one hundred years of the country’s independence. The objective of the present article is to document Gandhi’s constructive programme and to outline the factors through which the concept of Developed India can be useful in the present context. The present research paper is based on a qualitative and descriptive-analytical method. In this study, mainly secondary sources have been used, which include original works of Mahatma Gandhi such as Hind Swaraj, his writings and speeches related to the constructive programme, various books, and research papers. Abstract in Hindi Language: किसी भी कार्य की तत्परता व्यक्ति में निहित संकल्प व उसके क्रियाकलापों के आधार पर तय की जाती है, क्योंकि यही वह कारक है, जिसके उपक्रम पर कार्य-परिणाम की सकारात्मक व नकारात्मक दिशा तय होती है। राष्ट्रपिता महात्मा गांधी व्यक्ति के संकल्पों को मजबूती देने के लिए सर्वप्रथम साध्य-साधन में निहित उद्देश्यों पर बल देते है। जिसमें वे न सिर्फ स्वरोजगार की प्राप्ति हेतु कार्यबल पर जोर देते है बल्कि रचनात्मक कार्यक्रम में एक व्यक्ति से अन्य व्यक्ति जुड़कर किसी सकारात्मक एकत्व होने वाली समूह भी बनाते है, जो न…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Means and Ends
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-employment
  topic: keywords
subject: Determination
  topic: keywords
subject: Positive
  topic: keywords
subject: developed India
  topic: keywords
subject: Constructive Program
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravi Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 346
ending page: 351
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.036

Grassroots Democracy and Minority Voices: Political Representation in West Bengal (2000–2024)
type: item
description: This study investigates grassroots democracy and minority political representation in West Bengal from 2000 to 2024. Decentralised governance through Panchayati Raj institutions has increased democratic participation and given marginalised people local political decision-making power. After the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, democratic decentralization has strengthened local self-government and allowed historically disadvantaged groups like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and religious minorities to participate in grassroots politics. In West Bengal, where strong party organizations and participatory rural politics have long shaped local governance structures, the Panchayati Raj system has helped minority communities integrate into democracy. The paper examines the history of state participation politics, grassroots democracy, and minority representation in Panchayati Raj institutions. It investigates political parties’ effects on minority participation and structural barriers to minority voices in local governance. The research shows that decentralized institutions have increased minority representation in grassroots political bodies, but socio-economic inequalities, party dominance, and institutional constraints remain. According to the report, grassroots democracy in West Bengal has created meaningful places for minority involvement, although political empowerment is uneven among communities and areas. Minority voices must be included in grassroots democratic governance by strengthening institutional autonomy, supporting inclusive political practices, and resolving socio-economic inequality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Grassroots Democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Minority Representation
  topic: keywords
subject: Panchayati Raj Institutions
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Faruque Ajmal Rabbani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 421
ending page: 429
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n01.048

Enhancing Communication Skills as a Key to 21st Century Skills among Middle Stage Students through Innovative Pedagogies-A Study
type: item
description: The research was conducted with the objectives to study the communication skills of middle-stage students and determining the effectiveness of an intervention based on lesson plans on innovative methods for enhancing students’ communication skills. The research shows that innovative teaching methods are highly effective in enhancing communication skills among middle-stage students in Delhi. The descriptive and inferential analyses revealed consistent improvements across verbal, written, non-verbal, and listening dimensions, with total communication showing a substantial mean gain, thereby confirming the overall success of the intervention.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Communication Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: 21st Century Skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Diksha Dewan
creator: K. Anil Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 314
ending page: 325
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.033

The Four-year Integrated B. Ed Programme: A theoretical Review of NEP 2020
type: item
description: India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 calls for a revolutionary change in teacher education with the Four-Year Integrated B.Ed. Program, which aims to combine disciplinary knowledge, pedagogy, and reflective practice into a cohesive four-year academic trajectory. This theoretical review places the integrated program within both historical and current discussions on teacher preparation by critically analysing its conceptual underpinnings, structural design, curriculum framework, and pedagogical consequences. The study emphasizes how the program aims to close long-standing gaps between theoretical instruction and real-world classroom engagement by drawing on influential viewpoints in educational theory, such as Schön’s reflective practice, Shulman’s Pedagogical Content Knowledge, and recent studies on inclusive and learner-centered pedagogy. It also looks at institutional and structural issues that could affect the program’s success, like equal access, infrastructure limitations, regulatory alignment, and faculty preparedness. The integrated B.Ed. program, in my opinion, is a paradigm change since it develops teachers who are socially responsive, reflective, and flexible and who can successfully navigate a variety of challenging classroom situations. The review emphasizes how this change has the potential to improve teacher quality, professional identity, and students’ overall educational experiences throughout India. This study adds to the current scholarly conversation on teacher education reform by offering a theoretically grounded analysis. It also provides insights for institutional planning, policy improvement, and future empirical research on the effectiveness and effects of integrated teacher preparation programs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Four-Year Integrated B.Ed Programme
  topic: keywords
subject: NEP 2020
  topic: keywords
subject: teacher education
  topic: keywords
subject: pedagogy
  topic: keywords
creator: Srimanta Maity
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 411
ending page: 420
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n01.047

Khudi as Self-Awareness: A Study of Iqbal’s Philosophy of the Self
type: item
description: In this paper, Sir Muhammad Iqbal explores the idea of Khudi as a comprehensive framework for self-awareness that incorporates moral agency, individual consciousness, and spiritual illumination. Unlike traditional views of the self that emphasize psychological introspection or social determinism, Iqbal’s philosophy sees Khudi as a dynamic, evolving process wherein the self reaches awareness via deliberate action, ethical obligation, and relationship with the Divine. By analysing how Khudi develops via stages of intrapersonal reflection, interpersonal engagement, and transpersonal communion, the study emphasizes the relationship between freedom and responsibility as crucial to human selfhood. This study also examines the social implications of Khudi, highlighting its ability to promote social change by motivating individuals to act morally, creatively, and for the good of society at large. Drawing on core texts such as Asrar-i-Khudi and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, as well as recent research in philosophy, psychology, and Islamic studies, the study situates Iqbal’s views within broader discourses on existential selfhood and ethical agency. The analysis demonstrates that Khudi is not merely a philosophical abstraction but rather a dynamic framework that incorporates the social, spiritual, and personal aspects of human existence. By promoting deliberate self-development in accordance with moral and divine principles, Iqbal’s concept of Khudi offers a transformative paradigm of selfhood that can address contemporary problems in ethical reasoning, social involvement, and spiritual cultivation. The study highlights the continued relevance of Iqbal’s philosophy in understanding the relationship between self-awareness, ethical agency, and societal well-being.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Khudi
  topic: keywords
subject: self-awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Muhammad Iqbal
  topic: keywords
subject: ethical agency
  topic: keywords
subject: social transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: spiritual consciousness
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom and responsibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Sahena Sultana Mondal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 132
ending page: 139
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n02.017

The Evolution of Niskama Karma in Indian Ethical Traditions: From Vedic Texts to the Bhagavad Gita
type: item
description: This dissertation rigorously analyzes the progression of Niskama Karma (selfless action) as a fundamental ethical principle in Indian philosophical traditions, following its transformation from the ritualistic context of Vedic literature to its refined expression in the Bhagavad Gita. In the Vedic environment, activity was grounded in sacrificial rites (yajñas), driven by cosmic harmony (ṛta) and material benefits. This evolved into an introspective ethical ideal in the Upanishads, prioritizing intentionality and spiritual detachment over external rituals. The Bhagavad Gita synthesizes prior concepts, articulating Niskama Karma as a universal tenet of selfless obligation that reconciles worldly involvement with spiritual emancipation. The research underscores the philosophical and psychological aspects of this idea, its focus on detachment from results, and its persistent significance in modern ethical discussions. This paper conducts a critical examination of primary texts and comments to examine how Niskama Karma reconciles individual desires with community well-being, offering a timeless framework for moral action in personal and societal contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Niskama Karma
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Vedic Tradition
  topic: keywords
subject: Bhagavad Gita
  topic: keywords
subject: Detachment
  topic: keywords
subject: Selfless Action
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanjay Mandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 41
ending page: 46
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n01.007

Nationalism and Its Discontents: A Critical Interpretation of Rabindranath Tagore’s Ghare-Baire
type: item
description: By analysing the intricate connection between nationalism and its moral, social, and psychological ramifications, this essay provides a critical reading of Rabindranath Tagore's The Home and the World. The novel, which is set against the backdrop of the Swadeshi movement, portrays nationalism as a deeply confused concept that generates both inspiration and discontent rather than as a cohesive or wholly beneficial force. Through the opposing viewpoints of Nikhil and Sandip, the study examines how Tagore opposes violent and sentimental forms of nationalism, emphasizing the conflict between moral idealism and political fanaticism. Additionally, it examines Bimala's role in exposing the gendered aspects of nationalism, where ideological conflicts arise at the borders between the home and the outside world. The study goes on to examine how economic nationalism, especially in the context of Swadeshi, has unforeseen social repercussions that frequently disrupt social cohesion and impact vulnerable people. However, Tagore's vision goes beyond criticism by putting out a different strategy based on universal human principles like moral responsibility, compassion, and reason. His focus on moral involvement encourages a more inclusive view of identity and opposes limited nationalist thinking. This essay makes the case that Tagore's Ghare-Baire is still a potent and pertinent work for comprehending the ongoing conflicts between nationalism and humanism in contemporary society by fusing literary analysis with philosophical insight.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Swadeshi Movement
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical Dilemma
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender and Nation
  topic: keywords
subject: Universalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Rabindranath Tagore
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajib Mondal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 147
ending page: 153
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n02.019

The Role of Family, Community, and Social Networks in Shaping Educational Experiences: A Sociological Study
type: item
description: Educational experiences are influenced by a complex interaction of social elements that transcend individual ability. This study analyses the impact of family, community, and social networks on learning outcomes, engagement, and academic growth from a sociological viewpoint. Families function as the principal agents of socialization, offering emotional support, guidance, and cultural capital that establish the basis for scholastic motivation. Communities influence by conveying norms, values, and shared expectations, establishing an atmosphere that either promotes or limits learning chances. Social networks, encompassing peer groups and mentorship connections, facilitate access to knowledge, resources, and collaborative learning, hence influencing identity development and academic self-concept. An intersectional approach emphasizes the complex nature of educational experiences, illustrating how elements such as gender, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, and cultural background intersect with familial, communal, and network influences to create distinct learning pathways. By comprehending these interrelated characteristics, educators and policymakers can formulate programs that tackle structural inequities, augment social support, and foster inclusive learning environments. This study highlights that significant educational achievements rely on acknowledging the relational and contextual aspects inherent in learners' social environments. In conclusion, incorporating perspectives from family, community, and social networks offers a holistic framework for comprehending educational experiences. Policies informed by sociology that utilize social resources can improve student engagement, promote equity, and facilitate lifelong learning, underscoring the significance of relational and contextual elements in determining educational performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Educational experiences
  topic: keywords
subject: family influence
  topic: keywords
subject: community support
  topic: keywords
subject: social networks
  topic: keywords
creator: Priyanka Saha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 125
ending page: 131
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n02.016

Nationalism And Freedom: Reinterpreting Mahatma Gandhi And B.R Ambedkar in Contemporary Political Theory
type: item
description: This essay examines the lasting significance of B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi for modern political philosophy, emphasizing their different but complementary conceptions of freedom and nationalism. Gandhi's philosophy places a strong emphasis on moral autonomy, ethical citizenship, and active participation, contending that the development of self-control, nonviolence, and group moral responsibility leads to ultimate freedom. His idea of nationalism goes beyond specific geographic or ethnic ties, picturing a multicultural community based on civic virtue and respect for one another. Ambedkar, on the other hand, places a strong emphasis on social justice and structural emancipation, arguing that liberation cannot be achieved without eliminating systemic injustices, especially those that come from caste, class, and gender inequality. His paradigm shows that in order to make democracy relevant and inclusive, political and legal institutions must guarantee equal rights and opportunities for all citizens. This essay contends that Gandhi and Ambedkar together offer a deeper, more complex framework for comprehending the moral, social, and political facets of freedom and nationhood by addressing both moral and structural aspects. Their combined viewpoints highlight the importance of social equality, inclusive participation, and ethical commitment for a just and cohesive political society, providing insights into the difficulties of contemporary democratic government. By showing how past Indian intellectuals can influence discussions on citizenship, democracy, and nationalism in a varied and globalized world, this work adds to current political conversation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gandhi
  topic: keywords
subject: B.R. Ambedkar
  topic: keywords
subject: nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: ethical citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: structural emancipation
  topic: keywords
creator: Reshma Khatun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 154
ending page: 160
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n02.020

Tagore’s Vision of Universal Humanity: A Study of His Humanistic Philosophy
type: item
description: Through the prism of his humanistic philosophy, this essay critically analyses Rabindranath Tagore’s conception of universal humanity, highlighting its social, ethical, and educational aspects. Tagore’s humanism emphasizes each person’s inherent worth, places moral obligation within interpersonal and artistic interaction, and encourages the fusion of intellectual, artistic, and spiritual life. The study illustrates how Tagore saw education and social practice as crucial tools for fostering empathy, international understanding, and cosmopolitan consciousness by drawing on his writings, such as The Religion of Man and Gitanjali, in addition to academic interpretations. His criticism of restricted nationalism, inflexible dogmas, and localized identities highlights a moral and ethical framework that cuts over socioeconomic and cultural divides and promotes an inclusive and engaged human society. The study also examines how Tagore’s synthesis of moral imagination, ecological consciousness, and aesthetic experience places human flourishing in both individual and group contexts, providing a comprehensive framework for moral involvement and societal advancement. The study shows that Tagore’s universal humanism offers timeless insights for tackling modern issues including social fragmentation, cultural polarization, and ecological catastrophes by combining philosophical, educational, and ethical viewpoints. The results demonstrate the applicability of his humanistic philosophy in the twenty-first century by indicating that his ideas still provide a foundation for creating inclusive, caring, and connected societies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rabindranath Tagore
  topic: keywords
subject: Universal Humanity
  topic: keywords
subject: Humanistic Philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical Humanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Cosmopolitan Education
  topic: keywords
creator: SK Abdul Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 117
ending page: 124
doi: 10.31305/rrjss.2024.v04.n02.015